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Neuroscience > Cerebral cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and Subthalamic nucleus
  2. Telencephalon: Subcortical structures [White matter, Basal Ganglia], Cerebral Cortex
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2
Q

fibers that connect regions of the same side of the brain; connect different areas of the brain

A

association fibers

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3
Q

Fibers that connect similar regions of the left and right side of the brain

A

Commissural fibers

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4
Q

fibers that carry info into the cortex or out from the cortex

A

projection fibers

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5
Q

How many layers does the neocortex have?

A

6 layers

- cortex of higher order thinking

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6
Q

Receives input from thalamic regions; Only one type of sensation (Somatosensory, Auditory, Visual, or Vestibular); Representation of sensation is topographically organized

A

Primary Sensory Cortex

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7
Q

What broadman’s area is the somatosensory cortical area?

A

3, 1, and 2 (pre central gyrus)

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8
Q

Cortex Function: Location of stimuli, Discriminate among shapes, sizes and textures

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

- parietal lobe

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9
Q

What S and S will you see with damage do the primary somatosensory cortex?

A
  1. Loss of discrimination – location and strength
  2. Crude awareness intact
  3. Localization of pain intact
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10
Q

What is the pathway for hearing?

A

Cochlea –> Cochlear nucleus –> inferior colliculus/medial geniculate body –> CTX

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11
Q

What S and S will you see with damage to the primary auditory cortex?

A

loss of localization of sound

- you can still hear, just not where its coming from

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12
Q

Cortex Function: Conscious awareness of sound – bilateral, Not extremely well lateralized

A

Primary auditory cortex

- temporal lobe

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13
Q

Cortex Function: Information about head movement and position, Information also travels through thalamus

A

Primary vestibular cortex

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14
Q

What S and S will you see with damage to the primary vestiular cortex?

A

Loss of conscious awareness of head position and movement

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15
Q

Cortex Function is to distinguish: Light/dark, Various shapes, Location of objects, Movement of objects

A

Primary visual cortex

  • occipital lobe
  • brodmann’s area 17
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16
Q

What S and S will you see with damage to the primary visual cortex?

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

- macular vision spared

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17
Q

Contribute to the analysis on one type of sensation – unimodal; Usually located adjacent to primary sensory cortex for that modality; Input from both primary sensory cortical area and the thalamus

A

Sensory association areas

- stereognosis (ability to identify an object)

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18
Q

What S and S will you see with damage to the sensory association areas?

A

Agnosia – inability to identify something using one sensation (can describe, can’t identify)

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19
Q

Where do the projections of the sensory association areas go to?

A

Primarily to primary motor cortex and also to Association areas
- Important in formulating motor plans for complex movements

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20
Q

What Broadman area is the somatosensory association cortex?

A

5, 7

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21
Q

Cortex Function: Integrate tactile and proprioceptive information, Stereognosis, Memory of tactile and spatial environment

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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22
Q

What S and S will you see with damage to the somatosensory association cortex?

A
  1. Astereognosis

2. May avoid affected hand

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23
Q

Cortex Function: Compares sounds with memories of other sounds, Categorizes sounds as music, language or noise

A

Auditory association cortex

- Brodmann’s area 22, 42

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24
Q

What S and S will you see with damage to the auditory association cortex?

A

Auditory agnosia:

  • Left – unable to understand speech (the word part of language)
  • Right – loss in interpretation of noises (the tone used while talking, injury = monotone, flat affect)
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25
Q

What are the primary motor and motor planning areas?

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. Supplementary motor cortex
  3. Premotor area
  4. Broca’s area
  5. Area corresponding to Broca’s area on the language non-dominant side of the brain
    - last 4 are motor planning areas
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26
Q

What S and S will you see with damage to the visual association cortex?

A

Visual agnosia is contralateral visual field

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27
Q

Cortex Function: Analyzes colors and motion, Directs visual fixation

A

Visual association cortex

- Brodmann’s area 18-21

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28
Q

Location – precentral gyrus, anterior part of paracentral lobule;
Function: Source of many corticospinal neurons; Contralateral voluntary movements for lower face and extremities; Bilateral voluntary movements for upper face and back muscles

A

Primary motor cortex

- Brodmann’s area 4

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29
Q

What S and S will you see with damage to the primary motor cortex?

A
  1. Contralateral paresis – mostly in lower face and distal extremities
  2. Loss – fractionation
  3. Speech problems – spastic dysarthria (UMN disorder; Harsh, awkward speech)
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30
Q

Functions: Motor speech, Planning movements of mouth, Grammar (All the little word that help a sentence make sense)

A

Broca’s area

  • unilateral, usually on the L side
  • areas 44 and part of 45
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31
Q

Functions: Similar to Broca’s area but for non-verbal communication; Plans nonverbal communication; Adjusts tone of voice

A

Area contralateral to Broca;s

- unilateral, usually on R side

32
Q

Inability to perform voluntary movements; Can perform involuntarily
What area is damaged?

A

Apraxia;

Damage to PMA or SMC

33
Q

Uncontrollable repetition of a movement

What area is damaged?

A

Motor preservation;

Damage to SMC

34
Q

Difficulty producing verbal communication

What area is damaged?

A

Broca’s aphasia

- damage to Broca’s area

35
Q

Difficulty producing nonverbal communication

What area is damaged?

A

damage to area homologous to broca’s area

36
Q

What is in the subcortical white matter?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Lenticular nucleus
  3. Internal capsule
37
Q

What part of the internal capsule contains corticobulbar fibers? corticospinal fibers?

A

Corticobulbar = genu
cortico spinal = anterior (ant limb) and posterior (post limb) parts of the internal capsule are for limbs
- all sensation and motor info travels thru internal capsule

38
Q

Has motor and cognitive functions; injury to this area results in motor deficits and behavioral deficits (Loss of initiative, Spontaneous thought, Emotional responses)

A

Basal ganglia

- 2 disorders = schizophrenia and addiction

39
Q

Area function: Voluntarily controlled movements

A

Primary motor cortex

40
Q

Area function: Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments; Medial activating systems

A

Premotor area

- lateral part of area 6

41
Q

Area function: Initiation of movement, orientation planning of head and eyes, bimanual and sequential movement

A

Supplementary motor area

- medial and superior area 6

42
Q

Area function: planning nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice)

A

Areal contralateral to Broca’s area

43
Q

What are the inputs to the primary motor cortex?

A
  1. Sensory input from thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex
  2. Motor input from motor planning regions
  3. Motor input from basal ganglia and cerebellum via the thalamus
44
Q

What are the inputs to the motor planning regions?

A
  1. Sensory information from sensory association areas

2. From BG and Cb – relayed by the thalamus

45
Q

Multimodal association cortical areas - Integration of sensory information for multiple modalities; Most of neocortex in humans; NO direct motor or sensory areas (Do not receive direct sensory input; Do not project to LMN)

A

Heteromodal association cortex

  • receives info from sensory areas in cortex
  • output to motor areas in cortex
46
Q

What are the higher intellectual functions in the association cortex?

A
  1. Abstract reasoning
  2. Complex planning
  3. Personality
  4. Processing of memory
  5. Generation of emotions
47
Q

What area of the association cortex is injured when there is a loss of executive function and divergent thinking?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

48
Q

What area of the association cortex is injured when there is inability to handle new information effectively; concrete thinking, inability to distinguish relevant from irrelevant information, difficulty generalixing information, become upset with even minor changes in routine

A

Pariototemporal association

49
Q

Definition: Some functions located on one side of the cerebral cortex;May speed up processsing if it is all done on one side

A

Hemispheric specialization

- i.e., non-verbal communication = right side, verbal communication = left side

50
Q

When doing simple movements, which hemisphere tends to control?

A

contralateral to dominant hemisphere

51
Q

When carrying out skilled, complex tasks, which hemisphere controls this?

A

Dominant hemisphere

  • most people are left cerebral hemisphere dominant (right handed)
  • Lesions of left hemisphere more often associated with apraxia – difficulties formulating skilled movements
52
Q

What hemisphere is usually dominant for language?

A

if you are right handed = 95% of the time left hemisphere
Left handed = 60-70% of the time left hemisphere
- Language function may be more bilateral
- Tend to recover language faster

53
Q

For language, what is the non-dominant side responsible for?

A
  1. Non-verbal communication
  2. Emotional aspects of events and language
  3. Musical perception
54
Q

What hemisphere is involved in attention?

A

Both:

  • R side pays attention to both sides of the world
  • L side pays attention to ONLY the R side of the world
  • R side stroke produces inattention to left
55
Q

What is the dominant side’s functions (in summary)?

A
  • usually L
    1. Language
    2. Skilled motor formulation (praxis)
    3. Arithmetic: sequential and analytical calculating skill
    4. Musical ability: sequential and analytical skills in trained persons
    5. Direction: Following a set of written directions in sequence
56
Q

What is the non-dominant side’s functions (in summary)?

A
  1. Prosody - emotion conveyed by tone of voice
  2. Visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
  3. Arithmetic: ability to correctly line up columns of numbers on a page
  4. Music ability - in untrained persons. complex musical pieces in trained musicians
  5. Direction: finding one’s way by overall sense of spatial orientation
57
Q

What are the higher order cerebral functions?

A
  1. Language
  2. Attention and spatial processing
  3. Frontal lobes
  4. Visual processing
  5. Attention and Awareness
58
Q

What brain regions are involved in language?

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex
  2. Wernicke’s area (part of auditory association cortex) – assigning meaning to words
  3. Primary motor cortex for the face
  4. Broca’s area (association cortex)
59
Q

What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

60
Q

Primarily involved in language comprehension; Maps sounds to meaning in order to produce meaningful language (lexicon); Comprehension; Production

A

Wernike’s area

61
Q

Higher level aspects of speech formulation and planning ; Correct syntax of language comprehension and production

A

Broca’s area

62
Q

Deficit in language processing; Injury to language dominant hemisphere; Affects both spoken and written language

A

Aphasia

63
Q

Decreased fluency of spontaneous speech: Phrase length of fewer than 5 words; More content words (nouns) than function words (prepositions, articles, etc.); Can be tested by word generation tasks; difficulty getting words out (naming difficulties); No “ifs, ands or buts” (impaired repetition)

A

Broca’s Aphasia

  • mostly nouns, some verbs
  • writing and reading aloud = slow, agrammatical and effortful
  • frustration and depression common with pts
  • writing = Effortful, agrammatical and sparse
64
Q

Where would a stroke occur if it effects Broca’s area?

A

MCA - superior division

65
Q

Where would a stroke occur if it effects Wernicke’s area

A

MCA - inferior division

66
Q

Impaired comprehension; Do not respond appropriately to questions or commands; May respond to some commands about axial muscles; Normal fluency, prosody and grammatical structure; Sentences do not have meaning (Paraphasic errors- Replace word with one of a similar meaning, Replace part of a word with a similar sound; Neologisms – make up new word); Impaired naming

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

- writing: Fluent, paraphasic and largely incomprehensible

67
Q

What would happen if Wernicke’s area was disconnected from Broca’sarea?

A

Impaired repetition

- reading and writing have similar deficits

68
Q

What are the associated [areas] dysfunctions

A
  1. Contralateral visual field cut
  2. Apraxia may be present – difficult to assess due to aphasia
  3. Often appear unaware of disorder
  4. May exhibit angry or paranoid behavior
69
Q

Reading and writing impairments; Deficits in central language processing; Deficits in patients with aphasia tend to mirror the aphasia

A

Alexia (reading) and Agraphia (writing)

- Patients with aphasia have agraphia

70
Q

inability to carry out an action in response to a verbal command, in the absense of any comprehension deficit, motor weakness or incoordination

A

Apraxia
Ask patient to carry out an imaginary action:
- Awkward looking attempts
- Perform tasks ineffectually
- 1/3rd of patients with aphasia have some apraxia
- can just be specific regions

71
Q

Small lesion in Broca’s area that results in:

  • Motor speech deficits
  • Writing is intact
A

Aphemia (in adults)

- developmental disorder in children = verbal apraxia

72
Q

Lesion to bilateral auditory cortex

A

Cortical deafness

73
Q

Can identify non-verbal sounds; Cannot understand spoken words; Can read and write normally; Lesion to auditory cortex of dominant hemisphere which extends deep to the subcortical white matter

A

Pure Word deafness

AKA verbal auditory agnosia

74
Q

Where are the functions of global attention (Vigilance, Concentration, Generalized Behavioral Arousal) and selective or directed attention (Focusing attention on a specific domain)

A

Non-dominant hemisphere

attention/spatial processing

75
Q

What association cortex injury results in disturbances of personality and emotions?

A

Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association

76
Q

What does the heteromodal association cortex have bidirectional connections with?

A
  1. Motor and sensory association areas

2. Limbic cortex

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