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Neuroscience > Motor > Flashcards

Motor Flashcards

1
Q

How does movement start?

A
  1. Decision made in anterior frontal lobe of cerebral cortex
  2. Activation of motor planning areas
  3. Control areas (basal ganglia and cerebellum
  4. Descending tracts (upper motor neurons)
  5. Spinal interneurons
  6. Lower motor neurons
  7. Skeletal muscles (contraction)
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2
Q

What is the motor control hierarchy?

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. brainstem
  3. some UMNs go to segmental (interneurons)
  4. Lower motor neurons
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3
Q

What are the sites for upper motor neurons?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex

2. Brainstem

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4
Q

What are the sites for lower motor neurons?

A
  1. Brain stem

2. spinal cord

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5
Q

What are motor control areas?

A
  1. Basal ganglia

2. Cerebellum

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6
Q

What are the three types of motor injuries?

A
  1. UMN injury
  2. LMN injury
  3. Basal ganglia/ cerebellar injury
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7
Q

What is the result of a lower motor neuron injury?

A

Inability for the muscle to contract

  • flacidity
  • loss or decrease of reflex
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8
Q

Basal ganglia and cerebellum always connect to ______. A muscle always connects to ______.

A

UMN; LMN

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9
Q

Resistance to stretch

A

Tone

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10
Q

Where are LMN located?

A
  1. Ventral horn of spinal cord

2. Brain stem

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11
Q

Where do LMN of ventral horn of the spinal cord go to?

A

Body

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12
Q

Where do LMN of brain stem go to?

A

head, face, a little bit of the neck

-cranial nerves

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13
Q

What do alpha motor neurons innervate? gamma motor?

A
  • Go to extrafusal muscle fibers to produce contraction

- Go to Intrafusal muscle fibers to maintain sensitivity to muscle spindes

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14
Q

What type of synapse is at the motor neuron? what is the neurotransmitter? What type of receptor?

A

NMJ; ACh; Nicotinic

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15
Q

One alpha motor neuron and all of the m fibers it supplies

A

Motor unit

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16
Q

Where do medial ventral horns neuron innervate? lateral ventral horns?

A

Proximal extremities; Distal extremities

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17
Q

What are the components of a spinal reflex?

A
  1. Sensory neuron bringing info in
  2. Interneuron (possible, but can sometimes be exempt)
  3. Motor neuron to produce reflex
    - may just have 1 and 3 depending on the reflex
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18
Q

Receptor that responds when a muscle is being lengthened and when its being held in a lengthened position

A

Muscle spindle

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19
Q

What determines if a a motor unit is slow twitch or fast twitch?

A

the alpha motor neuron

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20
Q

Name the following characteristics that correlates with slow twitch muscles:

  1. Alpha motor neuron diameter
  2. M.’s innervated
  3. Recruitment order
  4. Speed generation
  5. Sources of energy
  6. Fatigue
A
  1. Smaller
  2. Postural
  3. first
  4. slow
  5. Aerobic
  6. Resistant
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21
Q

Name the following characteristics that correlates with fast twitch muscles:

  1. Alpha motor neuron diameter
  2. M.’s innervated
  3. Recruitment order
  4. Speed generation
  5. Sources of energy
  6. Fatigue
A
  1. Larger
  2. Movement
  3. Later (we need more force)
  4. Fast
  5. Anaerobic
  6. Sensitive
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22
Q

Receptor that responds to Tendon tension by passive stretching or active contraction

A

GTO

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23
Q

Sensory receptor that responds to noxious stimuli

A

Cutaneous receptor

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24
Q

Muscle spindle reflex:

  • Dynamic, deep tendon
  • Stimulus = stretchING (lengthening a muscle)
  • Response = muscle contraction
A

Phasic stretch reflex

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25
Q

Muscle spindle reflex:

  • Stimulus – stretch of a muscle (keeping a muscle in a lengthened position)
  • Response = increase the likelihood of a m contraction or force of contraction
A

Tonic stretch reflex

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26
Q

Are there inter neurons in the phasic stretch reflex?

A

No

- no interneuron needed because it is coming in and going out of same neuron

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27
Q

Are there interneurons in the tonic stretch reflex?

A

Yes

- Multisynaptic reflex = two or more synapses going out from the sensory neuron

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28
Q

Are there interneurons in the GTO reflex?

A

Yes

  • Increased contraction results in inhibition of the contraction to reduce risk of muscle injury
  • Also thought to play a role in motor recruitment to prevent using the same motor neurons every time a contraction happens, reducing risk of fatigue
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29
Q

Withdrawal reflexes; Respond to nociceptive input

A

Cutaneous reflexes

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30
Q

Where are UMNs located? where do they project to?

A
  • Cerebral Cortex and Brainstem

- LMN in brainstem and spinal cord

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31
Q

Pathway to spinal cord:

  • Synapse in medial ventral horn
  • Muscles for proximal m’s (axial and proximal joint m’s)
A

Medial activating systems

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32
Q

Pathway to spinal cord:

Synapse in lateral ventral horn; Muscles for distal extemities

A

Lateral activating systems

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33
Q

Pathway to spinal cord:

Synapse throughout ventral horn; Control level of activity

A

Non-specific activating systems

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34
Q

What are the 5 medial systems tracts?

A
  1. Ventral (medial) corticospinal
  2. Medial vestibulospinal
  3. Lateral vestibulospina
  4. Medial reticulospinal
  5. Tectospinal
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35
Q

Involved in trunk axial, and girdle movements; More involved with medial systems; Some role in planning movements

A

Premotor cortex

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36
Q

Involved in sequential movements (i.e., throwing a ball); Bimanual movements (movements on both sides of the body), coordinating movements on both sides (i.e., holding something with one hand while manipulating something with the other hand)

A

Supplementary motor cortex

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37
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the raphespinal tract? cerulospinal tract?

A

Serotonin; NE

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38
Q

Control upper motor neuron system; adjust activity in descending motor tracts
DO NOT have direct connections with lower motor neurons

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

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39
Q

Where are the basal ganglia located?

A
  1. Cerebrum - caudate, putamen, globus pallidus (internus, externus)
  2. Diencephalon - sub thalamic nucleus
  3. Midbrain - substantial nigra (pars compact, pars reticulata)
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40
Q

What basal ganglia are input areas?

A
  1. Caudate (psychological factors)

2. Putamen

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41
Q

What basal ganglia are processing areas?

A
  1. Globus pallidus externus

2. Subthalamic nucleus

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42
Q

What basal ganglia are output areas?

A
  1. Globus pallidus internus

2. Pars reticulata

43
Q

What basal ganglia is responsible for making dopamine and is a regulatory region?

A

Pars compacta

44
Q

What basal ganglia is referred to as “striatum”

A

Caudate and putamen

45
Q

What basal ganglia is referred to as the lenticular nucleus?

A

GPi, GPe, and putamen

46
Q

What BG pathway facilitates the lateral pathways and inhibits medial pathways?

A

Direct pathway

47
Q

What BG pathway facilitates medial pathways and inhibits lateral pathways?

A

Indirect pathways

48
Q

The direct pathway receives input information in the _____. It processes information in the _____. It then goes to output nuclei located in the ____, then to the _____. The information either goes to the ______ to [excite/inhibit] the lateral systems OR goes to the ____ to [excite/inhibit] the medial systems.

A

Putamen; GPe; GPi; substantia niagra reticulata; motor thalamus; excite; pedunculopontine nucleus; inhibit

49
Q

The indirect pathway receives input information in the _____. It processes information in the _____ and the ______. It’s output nuclei are located in the ____ or the _____. The information either goes to the motor thalamus to [excite/inhibit] the lateral systems OR goes to the pedunculopontine nucleus to [excite/inhibit] the medial systems.

A

Putamen; GPe, subthalamic nucleus; GPi, substantia niagra reticulata; inhibit; excite

50
Q

Dopamine increase moves things in the brain towards the [direct/ indirect] pathway or facilitates the [medial/ lateral] systems

A

direct; lateral

51
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Sequencing movements
  2. Regulating muscle tone and force
  3. Selecting synergies (direct pathway) and inhibiting synergies (indirect pathway)
  4. Motor learning
52
Q

What is a hypokinetic BG disorder? what are the hyperkinetic BG disorders?

A

Parkinson’s disease;

  1. Huntington’s disease
  2. Dystonias
  3. Choreoathetotic CP
  4. Hemiballismus
53
Q

Most common BG disorder; Unknown cause; for onset of disease; Neurodegenerative disease with unknown cause of dopamine production decrease

A

Parkinson’s disease

54
Q

What is the result of PD’s dopamine production decrease? (etiology and symptoms)

A
  • dopanuergic neurons dying due to low dopamine; getting down to 15 - 20% of these neurons result in symptoms of parkinson disease; results in Increase in activity of indirect pathways - Facilitates medial systems
    Sx:
    1. Akinesia – difficulty initiating movements
    2. Bradykinesia - slow movements
    3. Tend to have a tremor at rest (“pill rolling” tremor)
55
Q

Someone loses dopanuergic neurons and devolops symptoms of parkinson’s disease but you DO know what the cause (event or drug); i.e., Muhammad Ali had disease due to getting hit in the head, Synthetic opiate drug, and Drugs used to treat Schizophrenia

A

Parkinsonism and parkinsonian syndrome

56
Q

Basal ganglia and cerebral cortex damage involved; Increase in involuntary movements; Pts also develop dementia

A

Huntington’s Disease

57
Q

Genetic movement disorder; Dysfunction in basal ganglia; Usually non-progressive; Involuntary sustained muscle contractions; Twisting or repetitive motions or abnormal posture

A

Dystonia

58
Q

What are the most common types of dystonias?

A

Focal dystonias

- affects just one part of the body, often limited to a particular activity

59
Q

What is the focal dystonia where deteriation in handwriting due to involuntary muscle contractions in upper limb? What is the focal dystonia where the 4th and 5th fingers flex involuntarily?

A

Writer’s cramp; musician’s cramp

60
Q

Damage to BG structures that results in rapid involuntary movements and slow writing movements

A

Choreoathetotic CP

  • Chorea = “dance”; rapid movements
  • Athetotic = slow writhing
61
Q

Damage to sub thalamic nuclear that results in ballistic movements (Proximal part of the extremity moves and the rest of the extremity goes along with it) on the contralateral side

A

Hemiballismus

62
Q

Where is the cerebellum located and what are its functions?

A 
- posterior to the braistem (pons and medulla)
Functions:
1. Balance
2. Coordination
3. Eye movement
63
Q

Where are the deep cerebellar nuclei located? what is its function?

A

embedded in the white matter (FYI gray matter is outer and white matter arbor vita is deep to it)
- output region

64
Q

What are the gyri/sulci of the cerebellum referred to as?

A

folia (means leaf)

65
Q

Where are the interneurons of the Cb located? where are Purkinje cell bodies located?

A

outer and inner layers of the Cb; middle layer

66
Q

Where do Purkinje cells project to?

A
  1. deep cerebellar nuclei

2. vestibular nuclei (in brainstem)

67
Q

What lobe of the Cb is its own part?

A

Flocculonodular (lateral parts are flocculus and middle is nocullus)
- anterior and posterior lobes are together as one, contains the vermal, paravermal, and lateral regions

68
Q

Where does afferent (input) information from the SC and brainstem enter the Cb?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

- connect btwn Cb and medulla

69
Q

Where does afferent (input) information from the pons enter the Cb?

A

Middle Cb peduncles

  • largest of the peduncles
  • The pathway is motor cortex to the base of the pons. These axons synapse on neurons in the base of the pons. These neurons send their axons which cross the midline of the pons and enter the Cb through the middle cerebellar peduncle
  • AKA corticalpontine fiber, travel with corticospinal pathways
70
Q

Where does efferent information (output) exit the Cb and where does it go to?

A

Superior Cb peduncles

- connects with red nucleus in the midbrain

71
Q

What part of the Cb controls fine movement? what is the name of the tract?

A

Lateral hemispheres

- cerebrocerebellum (controls distal parts of the extremities, like hands, therefore fine movement)

72
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellar tract?

A
  1. Control of distal limb movements
  2. Planning of movements, particularly learned, skilled movements
  3. Coordination of movements
  4. Ability to judge time intervals and produce accurate rhythms
73
Q

What region of the body does the vermal region of the Cb control? Paravermal?

A
  • Trunk

- Limbs

74
Q

Where does the vermal region of the Cb get input from?

A
  1. Spinal cord from trunk
  2. Vestibular nuclei
  3. Auditory and vestibular information through brainstem nuclei
75
Q

Where does info from the vermal region go to?

A
  1. Vestibular and Reticular N (Balanance, coordination, extension)
  2. Motor Cortex
76
Q

What are the vermal region of the Cb functions?

A
  1. Postural adjustment of trunk

2. Stereotyped movements – modulation of basic walking patterns generated in the SC

77
Q

Where does input to the paravermal come from? where does its output go? what is its function?

A 
input = SC (limbs)
Output = motor cortex and red nucleus
Fxn = corrects movements if there are errors
78
Q

What is the tract that goes through the flocculonodular lobe of the Cb?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

79
Q

Where does input to the flocculonodular lobe come from? where does its output go to? What is its function?

A 
input = vestibular apparatus and vestibular nuclei
output = vestibular nuclei
fxn = Maintenance of equilibrium (balance) [vestibulospinal tract]; Control of eye movements
80
Q

When injury occurs to the cerebellum, are the symptoms ipsi- or contralateral to the injury? what is the typical response?

A
  • ipsilateral to injury (Injuries directly to Cb can cause problems but Also due to input or output fibers [pathways, peduncles])
  • hypotonia; usually transient and tone returns to normal levels over time
81
Q

If a person has truncal ataxia, where is the injury? limb and gait ataxia? Hand ataxia?

A

Truncal = vermal or vestibulocerebellar lesions (difficulty sitting or standing) or can be due to paravermal lesion
Limb and gait = paravermal lesion
hand = lateral hemisphere lesion

82
Q

Injury that results in dysequilibrian, truncal ataxia, and abnormal eye movements

A

Vestibulocerebellum injury

83
Q

Injury that results in dysarthria (speech impairment due to motor problems) and truncal ataxia

A

spinocerebellar lesion in vermal region

84
Q

injury that results in gait ataxia (wide base gait; pt not able to walk in straight line; different step lengths)
- can be the result of nutritional deficiencies that damage the anterior lobe of the Cb due to poor diets seen in alcoholism

A

spinocerebellar lesion in paravermal region

85
Q

What are the symptoms of limb ataxia?

A
  1. Dysdiadochokinesia - inability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  2. Dysmetria - inability to move the correct distance or location; Will not hit a target
  3. Action tremor (intention tremor) - tremor during a movement
  4. Difficulties with time intervals - difficulties maintaining a regular rhythm
86
Q

What is seen in injuries to the cerebrocerebellum?

A

dysarthria and hand ataxia (lateral activating system)

87
Q

Where are the UMN for the lateral corticospinal tract?

A
  • Primary motor cortex
  • secondary motor cortex (motor planning areas: premotor, supplementary)
  • primary somatosensory cortex
88
Q

Where are the UMN for the corticobulbar tract?

A
  • Primary motor cortex
  • secondary motor cortex (motor planning areas: premotor, supplementary)
  • primary somatosensory cortex
    Same for lat corticospinal for face, lats, and SCM
89
Q

Where are the UMN for rubrospinal tract?

A

Red nucleus in mid brain

90
Q

Where are the UMN for lat reticulospinal tract?

A

reticular formation in brainstem

91
Q

Where are the UMN for tectospinal tract?

A

Superior colliculus in midbrain

92
Q

Where are the UMN for medial reticulospinal tract?

A

reticular formation in the brainstem

93
Q

Where are the UMN for medial vestibulospinal tract?

A

vestibular nuclei in brainstem

94
Q

Where are the UMN for lateral vestibulospinal tract?

A

Vestibular nuclei in brainstem

95
Q

Where are the UMN for medial corticospinal tract?

A

Cerebral cortex

96
Q

What does lateral corticospinal tract control?

A

Fine movement, voluntary movement, and fractionation of movement in the distal extremities

97
Q

What does corticobulbar tract control?

A

voluntary movement in the face, lats, and SCM

98
Q

What does rubrospinal tract control?

A

facilitates flexion in upper extremities only

99
Q

What does lateral reticulospinal tract control?

A

Flexion in all extremities

100
Q

What does tectospinal tract control?

A

Goes to cervical and thoracic cord and orients head and eyes toward stimulus (visual map of the world)

101
Q

Where does the medial reticulospinal tract control?

A

Extensor muscles to keep you upright

102
Q

What does the medial vestibulospinal tract control?

A

Keeps the eyes stable (moving your head up and down while reading a paper)

103
Q

What does the lateral vestibulospinal tract control?

A

input detects how the head is moving and tract controls body extensors to keep us upright for correct balance and posture
i.e., if you are falling, input saying head is rapidly going to the ground, Tract responds by extending body, arms, etc. to keep head from smashing into the ground

104
Q

What does the medial corticospinal tract control?

A

extension of axial and girdle muscles

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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