Cerebral cortex 2

Question 1

Function: Analyzing location and movement of visual objects in space

Answer 1

Parietal Association Cortex

Question 2

Injury to what side results in hemineglect?

Answer 2

Damage to R parietal or frontal cortex

• Worse with acute injury
• Recovery can take weeks to months
• Some patients will have permanent deficit

Question 3

Ignore visual, auditory or tactile stimuli from contralateral side

Answer 3

Sensory neglect
- Tactile > Visual > Auditory
Double simultaneous stimulation
- Look for extinction
- Bilateral
- Proximal > distal

Question 4

sensation on R reported as on L

Answer 4

Allesthesia

- In L sided neglect

Question 5

Decreased spontaneous movement or akinesia; Ipsilateral gaze preference toward side of lesion; Motor impersistence (hold arms out, involved side drifts down), especially of contralateral limbs; Allokinesia (moves normal limb when told to move involved limb)

Answer 5

Motor-intentional neglect

Question 6

Line bisection – to R; Cancellation tasks – ignore left side; Drawing a clock, they draw a circle but only put numbers on R side

Answer 6

Combined sensory-motor neglect

Question 7

Involved with thought process; Anosognosia, anodiaphoria, and hemiasomatognosia

Answer 7

Conceptual neglect

Question 8

lack of awareness of hemineglect

Answer 8

Anosognosia
seen in conceptual neglect and also seen in:
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- Frontal lobe dysfunction

Question 9

Aware of disability, but no emotional concern or distress

Answer 9

Anosodiaphoria

Question 10

Deny L body is part of them

Answer 10

Hemiasomatognosia

Question 11

Damage can result in an inability to function in the real world;
Overall functions:
- Restraint – inhibition of inappropriate responses
- Initiative – motivation to pursue positive activities
- Order – sequencing tasks

Answer 11

Frontal cortex

Question 12

What are the specific functions of the frontal cortex?

Answer 12

1. Working Memory
2. Learning New Materials
3. Shifting Cognitive Set
4. Selective Attention (also being able to switch attention)
5. Integrate Information from Limbic and heteromodal Association areas in decision making

Question 13

Functions:

• Self-awareness
• Motivation
• Goal oriented behavior - Deciding on a goal, Planning how to accomplish goal, and Executing the plan
• Monitoring the execution of the plan
• Abstract thought
• Problem Solving

Answer 13

Prefrontal cortex

AKA frontal association area

Question 14

Where is the prefrontal cortex? where is connected to?

Answer 14

Location: rostral to motor planning areas;

Connections to Sensory Association Areas and Limbic areas

Question 15

What occurs as a result to prefrontal cortex injury?

Answer 15

1. Apathy
2. Loss of goal-directed behaviors: Choosing goals, Planning , Executing plans, Monitoring execution
   - Behavior may be misinterpreted as uncooperative or unmotivated
3. Difficulties with divergent thinking (thinking of possibilities; can choose a correct answer out of a list) - don’t ask open ended questions

Question 16

What effects are seen with frontal lobe lesions (not including problems with prefrontal cortex)?

Answer 16

1. Incontinence – more medial frontal regions
2. Inability to suprress inappropriate responses (Go-no-go test)
3. Attention impairments
4. Problems with abstract reasoning (similarities; can assess normal or concrete)

Question 17

What is Anton’s syndrome?

Answer 17

Cortical blindness due to Bilateral injury to primary visual cortex
- anosognosia (completely unaware of deficit)

Question 18

What is the result of unilateral injury to the primary visual cortex?

Answer 18

Homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing

Question 19

Processes motion and spatial localization and integrating everything together; stream of visual analysis

Answer 19

Dorsolateral Parieto-occipital cortex

Question 20

What are the characteristics are seen in Balint’s syndrome

Answer 20

1. Simultanagnosia
2. Optic Ataxia
3. Ocular apraxia

Question 21

inability to perceive parts of a visual scene as a whole; Describe parts, but do not see how the parts make up a whole

Answer 21

Simultanagnosia

- can see windows, door, siding, but can’t determine its a house

Question 22

impaired ability to reach for or point to objects in space under visual guidance

Answer 22

Optic Ataxia

Question 23

impairment in directing gaze towards an object in periphery of visual field through saccades; difficulty orienting eyes toward something; difficulty orienting eyes toward stimulus (problems with visual map)

Answer 23

Ocular apraxia

Question 24

What area of the brain is injured in Balint’s syndrome

Answer 24

Dorsolateral parieto-occipital cortex

Question 25

What brain regions are involved in attention/ awareness?

Answer 25

1. Brainstem reticular formation 2. Thalamus 3. Basal forebrain 4. Cerebral cortex

Question 26

What are the three types of memory?

Answer 26

1. Emotional 2. Declarative 3. Procedural

Question 27

Memory of feelings; Memory for fear is in the amygdala (temporal lobe); Brain regions not known for other emotions

Answer 27

Emotional Memory

Question 28

Memory for facts, events, concepts and locations; Requires attention during recall

Answer 28

Declarative memory | AKA conscious, explicit, cognitive memory

Question 29

What are the 3 stages of declarative memory?

Answer 29

1. Immediate (sensory register) - 1 to 2 seconds - Memories can be easily displaced - Primary sensory and sensory association cortex 2. Short-term memory - Brief storage - Begins to be lost in 1 minute if not rehearsed 3. Long-term memory - Relatively permanent - Consolidation (ST LT)

Question 30

What is the pathway of declarative memory?

Answer 30

1. Sensory association area 2. Anterior Temporal Lobe (memory lobe) 3. Parahippocampal Cortex --> Hippocampus 4. Basal forebrain, including basal nucleus of Meynert 5. Cerebral cortex

Question 31

AKA Skill, habit, nonconscious memory, implicit memory; Requires practice; Task can be done without conscious thought

Answer 31

Procedural memory

Question 32

What are the three stages of procedural memory?

Answer 32

1. Cognitive - Beginning stages - Person thinks about what they are doing – cognitive - Step-by-step performance of task 2. Associative - Movements refined and more efficient - Less dependent on cognition 3. Autonomous stage - Movements are autonomous, do not require attention or conscious thought - Other activities can be done at the same time

Question 33

Where is procedural memory located?

Answer 33

1. Frontal cortex 2. Thalamus 3. Basal ganglia

Question 34

What results from injury to the non-dominant side of the brain?

Answer 34

1. Sensory neglect (visual, tactile, auditory) 2. Motor-intentional neglect 3. Combination of sensory and motor neglect 4. Conceptual neglect 5. Difficulty in tasks requiring visual/spatial analysis or constructional abilities 6. Can have relatively severe personality and emotional changes

Question 35

What pathway from the visual association cortex determines where the thing is we're looking at?

Answer 35

Dorsal pathways to parieto-occipital association cortex

Question 36

What pathway from the visual association cortex determines what the thing is we're looking at?

Answer 36

Ventral pathways to occipitotemporal association cortex

Question 37

What injury results in prosopagnosia?

Answer 37

Bilateral injury to inferior occipitotemporal cortex

Question 38

Condition where a person can describe, but cannot identify; Generic recognition is intact, specific recognition is impaired

Answer 38

Prosopagnosia - person can recognize a man vs. woman, but can't ID someone by face - can recognize by voice, clothing, other factors - also extends to animals

Question 39

Function of stream of visual analysis; processes color and visual information

Answer 39

Inferior occipitotemporal association cortex

Question 40

Where does visual-spatial analysis occur?

Answer 40

Parietal association cortex (Junction of P,T, and O lobes) | - non dominant side (R) more involved than dominant (L)