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Neuroscience > Cerebral cortex 2 > Flashcards

Cerebral cortex 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function: Analyzing location and movement of visual objects in space

A

Parietal Association Cortex

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2
Q

Injury to what side results in hemineglect?

A

Damage to R parietal or frontal cortex

  • Worse with acute injury
  • Recovery can take weeks to months
  • Some patients will have permanent deficit
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3
Q

Ignore visual, auditory or tactile stimuli from contralateral side

A 
Sensory neglect
- Tactile > Visual > Auditory
Double simultaneous stimulation
- Look for extinction
- Bilateral
- Proximal > distal
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4
Q

sensation on R reported as on L

A

Allesthesia

- In L sided neglect

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5
Q

Decreased spontaneous movement or akinesia; Ipsilateral gaze preference toward side of lesion; Motor impersistence (hold arms out, involved side drifts down), especially of contralateral limbs; Allokinesia (moves normal limb when told to move involved limb)

A

Motor-intentional neglect

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6
Q

Line bisection – to R; Cancellation tasks – ignore left side; Drawing a clock, they draw a circle but only put numbers on R side

A

Combined sensory-motor neglect

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7
Q

Involved with thought process; Anosognosia, anodiaphoria, and hemiasomatognosia

A

Conceptual neglect

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8
Q

lack of awareness of hemineglect

A

Anosognosia
seen in conceptual neglect and also seen in:
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- Frontal lobe dysfunction

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9
Q

Aware of disability, but no emotional concern or distress

A

Anosodiaphoria

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10
Q

Deny L body is part of them

A

Hemiasomatognosia

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11
Q

Damage can result in an inability to function in the real world;
Overall functions:
- Restraint – inhibition of inappropriate responses
- Initiative – motivation to pursue positive activities
- Order – sequencing tasks

A

Frontal cortex

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12
Q

What are the specific functions of the frontal cortex?

A
  1. Working Memory
  2. Learning New Materials
  3. Shifting Cognitive Set
  4. Selective Attention (also being able to switch attention)
  5. Integrate Information from Limbic and heteromodal Association areas in decision making
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13
Q

Functions:

  • Self-awareness
  • Motivation
  • Goal oriented behavior - Deciding on a goal, Planning how to accomplish goal, and Executing the plan
  • Monitoring the execution of the plan
  • Abstract thought
  • Problem Solving
A

Prefrontal cortex

AKA frontal association area

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14
Q

Where is the prefrontal cortex? where is connected to?

A

Location: rostral to motor planning areas;

Connections to Sensory Association Areas and Limbic areas

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15
Q

What occurs as a result to prefrontal cortex injury?

A
  1. Apathy
  2. Loss of goal-directed behaviors: Choosing goals, Planning , Executing plans, Monitoring execution
    - Behavior may be misinterpreted as uncooperative or unmotivated
  3. Difficulties with divergent thinking (thinking of possibilities; can choose a correct answer out of a list) - don’t ask open ended questions
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16
Q

What effects are seen with frontal lobe lesions (not including problems with prefrontal cortex)?

A
  1. Incontinence – more medial frontal regions
  2. Inability to suprress inappropriate responses (Go-no-go test)
  3. Attention impairments
  4. Problems with abstract reasoning (similarities; can assess normal or concrete)
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17
Q

What is Anton’s syndrome?

A

Cortical blindness due to Bilateral injury to primary visual cortex
- anosognosia (completely unaware of deficit)

18
Q

What is the result of unilateral injury to the primary visual cortex?

A

Homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing

19
Q

Processes motion and spatial localization and integrating everything together; stream of visual analysis

A

Dorsolateral Parieto-occipital cortex

20
Q

What are the characteristics are seen in Balint’s syndrome

A
  1. Simultanagnosia
  2. Optic Ataxia
  3. Ocular apraxia
21
Q

inability to perceive parts of a visual scene as a whole; Describe parts, but do not see how the parts make up a whole

A

Simultanagnosia

- can see windows, door, siding, but can’t determine its a house

22
Q

impaired ability to reach for or point to objects in space under visual guidance

A

Optic Ataxia

23
Q

impairment in directing gaze towards an object in periphery of visual field through saccades; difficulty orienting eyes toward something; difficulty orienting eyes toward stimulus (problems with visual map)

A

Ocular apraxia

24
Q

What area of the brain is injured in Balint’s syndrome

A

Dorsolateral parieto-occipital cortex

25
Q

What brain regions are involved in attention/ awareness?

A
  1. Brainstem reticular formation
  2. Thalamus
  3. Basal forebrain
  4. Cerebral cortex
26
Q

What are the three types of memory?

A
  1. Emotional
  2. Declarative
  3. Procedural
27
Q

Memory of feelings; Memory for fear is in the amygdala (temporal lobe); Brain regions not known for other emotions

A

Emotional Memory

28
Q

Memory for facts, events, concepts and locations; Requires attention during recall

A

Declarative memory

AKA conscious, explicit, cognitive memory

29
Q

What are the 3 stages of declarative memory?

A
  1. Immediate (sensory register)
    - 1 to 2 seconds
    - Memories can be easily displaced
    - Primary sensory and sensory association cortex
  2. Short-term memory
    - Brief storage
    - Begins to be lost in 1 minute if not rehearsed
  3. Long-term memory
    - Relatively permanent
    - Consolidation (ST LT)
30
Q

What is the pathway of declarative memory?

A
  1. Sensory association area
  2. Anterior Temporal Lobe (memory lobe)
  3. Parahippocampal Cortex –> Hippocampus
  4. Basal forebrain, including basal nucleus of Meynert
  5. Cerebral cortex
31
Q

AKA Skill, habit, nonconscious memory, implicit memory; Requires practice; Task can be done without conscious thought

A

Procedural memory

32
Q

What are the three stages of procedural memory?

A
  1. Cognitive
    - Beginning stages
    - Person thinks about what they are doing – cognitive
    - Step-by-step performance of task
  2. Associative
    - Movements refined and more efficient
    - Less dependent on cognition
  3. Autonomous stage
    - Movements are autonomous, do not require attention or conscious thought
    - Other activities can be done at the same time
33
Q

Where is procedural memory located?

A
  1. Frontal cortex
  2. Thalamus
  3. Basal ganglia
34
Q

What results from injury to the non-dominant side of the brain?

A
  1. Sensory neglect (visual, tactile, auditory)
  2. Motor-intentional neglect
  3. Combination of sensory and motor neglect
  4. Conceptual neglect
  5. Difficulty in tasks requiring visual/spatial analysis or constructional abilities
  6. Can have relatively severe personality and emotional changes
35
Q

What pathway from the visual association cortex determines where the thing is we’re looking at?

A

Dorsal pathways to parieto-occipital association cortex

36
Q

What pathway from the visual association cortex determines what the thing is we’re looking at?

A

Ventral pathways to occipitotemporal association cortex

37
Q

What injury results in prosopagnosia?

A

Bilateral injury to inferior occipitotemporal cortex

38
Q

Condition where a person can describe, but cannot identify; Generic recognition is intact, specific recognition is impaired

A

Prosopagnosia

  • person can recognize a man vs. woman, but can’t ID someone by face - can recognize by voice, clothing, other factors
  • also extends to animals
39
Q

Function of stream of visual analysis; processes color and visual information

A

Inferior occipitotemporal association cortex

40
Q

Where does visual-spatial analysis occur?

A

Parietal association cortex (Junction of P,T, and O lobes)

- non dominant side (R) more involved than dominant (L)

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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