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Neuronal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of human development in utero?

A
  1. Pre-embryonic
  2. embryonic
  3. Fetal
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2
Q

Stage of development where cell division into two groups of cells are formed: inner cell mass (embryo) and outer cell mass (placenta)

A

Pre-embryonic

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3
Q

What are the two layers to first form in the inner cell mass? what is the third formed layer?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
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4
Q

What forms the skin and nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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5
Q

What forms the musculoskeletal system?

A

mesoderm

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6
Q

What forms the deep internal organs?

A

endoderm

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7
Q

When does myelination of the nervous system begin?

A

During the fetal stage of development

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8
Q

What are the two phases of development of the nervous system that occur during the embryonic stage of development?

A
  1. Formation of the neural tube

2. Formation of the brain

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9
Q

Occurs day 18 after fertilization; Thickening of the ectoderm; forms in the middle; extends from head to tail region

A

Neural plate; A groove forms in center of neural plate, with folds on either side

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10
Q

What happens on day 22 after fertilization?

A

The folds of the neural groove grow up and toward each other and become connected, forming the neural tube; begins in the cervical region and “zips” up and down, leaving the ends open; after tube forms, neural crest cells breaks off

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11
Q

Open ends of the neural tube

A

Neuropores

Rostral neuropore closes by day 24; Caudal neuropore closes by day 26
If they do not close, there will be neurological problems

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12
Q

What happens if the caudal neuropore doesn’t close?

A

Spina bifida

  • Vertebrae do not form normally
  • Associated with inadequate folic acid intake by mother
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13
Q

What happens if the rostral neuropore doesn’t close

A

Anencephaly

  • Failure of forebrain to develop correctly (Often brainstem is present)
  • Skull does not form over incomplete brain
  • Most fetuses die before birth
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14
Q

What aids in the closing of the neural tube?

A

Folic acid; pregnant women are recommended to take supplement

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15
Q

Neural tube layer that is inside of the tube and made up of cells (gray matter)

A

Mantle layer

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16
Q

Neural tube layer that is outside of the tube and made up of axons/processes of cells in mantle layer

A

Marginal layer

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17
Q

The inside space in the tube forms the

A

ventricular system

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18
Q

In the neural tube, the alar plate (association plate) is _____ and the basal plate (motor plate) is ____

A

Dorsal; ventral

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19
Q

Where do lower motor neurons develop?

A

Basal plate

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20
Q

Where do interneurons of sensory systems develop?

A

Alar plate

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21
Q

Line that divides the alar and basal plates of the neural tube

A

Sulcus limitans

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22
Q

Added onto neural tube from L5-S5

A

Secondary neurulation

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23
Q

Cells that separate during formation of neural tube, the cells migrate and form many different types of cells (Neurons, Glia, Non-neuronal cells)

A

Neural crest cells

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24
Q

What are the neuronal and glial derivatives of neural crest cells?

A
  1. Sensory neurons of somatic nervous system
  2. Sensory neurons of some cranial nerves
  3. Schwann cells of PNS
  4. Postganglionic neurons of autonomic nervous system
25
What are the three primary vesicles of the brain that develop during the 4th week?
1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
26
When do two of the primary vesicles split? which vesicles split? what do they split into?
5th week 1. Prosencephalon - Telencephalon, diencephalon 2. Rhombencephalon - Metenchephalon, myelencephalon
27
What are some of the brain structures to describe the adult brain?
1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon 3. Mesencephalon
28
What does the telencephalon form in the brain?
1. Cerebral hemispheres | 2. Basal ganglia
29
What does the diencephalon form in the brain?
1. Thalamus | 2. Hypothalamus
30
What does the mesencephalon form in the brain?
Midbrain
31
Does not persist in adulthood; As flexure forms, the walls of neural tube split apart
Pontine flexure
32
What does the metencephalon form in the brain?
Cerebellum, most of the pons
33
What does the myelencephalon form in the brain?
Most medulla
34
What further development of the telencephalon occurs?
1. The cerebral hemispheres expand so that they cover the diencephalon 2. The hemispheres become C-shaped 3. The insula region does not grow as fast, and it becomes covered by the frontal and temporal lobes 4. Surface folds to produce gyri and sulci
35
Where are neurons that divide located?
Next to the ventricles
36
Where is the gray matter in the cerebral cortex?
outter surface of the brain
37
How do neurons migrate from next to the ventricles to the outter surface of the brain?
1. Sending out processes, then following them | 2. follow radial glia
38
When do neurons differentiate?
Once they reach their location (location can determine differentiation)
39
What acts as a "feeler" and tells the neuron where to go when neurons send out processes to migrate; samples environments (moves toward attractants, moves away from other chemicals)
Growth cone | When growth cone reaches its target vesicles are produced and synapse forms
40
What happens to neurons that do not make connections with other neurons or are not active?
They tend to die (esp motor neurons in the spinal cord)
41
During innervation of muscles; Initially more than one motor neuron innervates each muscle fiber; During development, axons retract so that only one motor neuron innervates each muscle fiber
Axonal retraction
42
What determines the muscle fiber type?
The nerve that innervates them
43
When does myelination begin? when is it complete?
4th fetal month; 3rd year of life - Lower motor neurons – by 1 month - Projections from motor cortex to spinal cord – 2 years (Babinski reflex)
44
There may be neurological problems that may not be immediately noticed; These impairments will become observed as the impaired systems become functional; For example, balance or lower extremity impairments may not be observed until a child begins to try to stand and walk
Growing into deficit
45
What causes the brain to increase in weight from 400 grams at birth to a 3fold increase at 3 years?
- Myelination - Number of processes Fully developed brains 1100-1700 grams
46
What age does brain weight begin to decline?
50's - normal, brain knows how to work better so brain prunes back more
47
Times during development that are crucial for normal development and outcomes
Critical periods
48
When do critical periods occur?
1. Neurons are dividing 2. Neurons competing for connections - i.e., vision, language
49
Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum; Medulla and pons often small; Initially often have no symptoms but often begin in adolescence and early adulthood (Headache induced by coughing, sneezing, straining; Possible hydrocephalus (block CSF flow); Cranial nerve dysfunction)
Arnold-Chiara Type 1 - If deficits are stable, no treatment - If deficits are progressing, the bone that is compressing the hind brain can be removed
50
Malformation of brainstem and cerebellum - extend through foramen magnum; Signs present in infancy; Usually associated with meningomyelocele
Arnold-Chiara Type 2
51
What are the symptoms of Arnold-Chiara type 2?
1. Progressive hydrocephaly 2. Paralysis of sternocleidomastoid muscles 3. Deafness 4. Weakness in lateral eye movements 5. Weakness in facial muscles
52
Effect depends on stage of development; Disrupts neuronal proliferation; Interferes with neurodevelopment processes; Effects more subtle than those of alcohol
Fetal Cocaine Exposure
53
Non-progressive and permanent disorder; Injury to developing brain (Prenatal, postnatal, or at time of birth); Defined by motor and postural impairments, though may also have sensory and cognitive impairments; Growing into deficit is common
Cerebral palsy
54
Classification of CP based on tone: velocity–dependent resistance to stretch (faster the stretch, greater the resistance); Damaged neurons next to ventricles (Axons of neurons in cerebral cortex [corticospinal pathways]); Toe Walking; Scissor gait; Associated with premature birth
Spasticity
55
Classification of CP based on tone: involuntary movement; Damage in basal ganglia; Slow, writhing movements of extremities and/or trunk (athetosis); Poor control of proximal movement; Sustained, intermittent muscle contractions (dystonia)
Dyskinesia
56
Classification of CP based on tone: lack of coordination; Damage to cerebellum; Lack of coordination; Dysmetria (inability to move a body part the right distance); Weakness; Shaking movements (tremor) during movements
Ataxia
57
Classification of CP based on tone: reduced muscle tone
Hypotonia
58
Classification of CP based on tone: lead-pipe resistance to passive stretch (doesn't matter how quickly you stretch, same resistance occurs)
Rigidity

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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