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Neuroscience > Neuronal Development > Flashcards

Neuronal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of human development in utero?

A
  1. Pre-embryonic
  2. embryonic
  3. Fetal
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2
Q

Stage of development where cell division into two groups of cells are formed: inner cell mass (embryo) and outer cell mass (placenta)

A

Pre-embryonic

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3
Q

What are the two layers to first form in the inner cell mass? what is the third formed layer?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
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4
Q

What forms the skin and nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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5
Q

What forms the musculoskeletal system?

A

mesoderm

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6
Q

What forms the deep internal organs?

A

endoderm

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7
Q

When does myelination of the nervous system begin?

A

During the fetal stage of development

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8
Q

What are the two phases of development of the nervous system that occur during the embryonic stage of development?

A
  1. Formation of the neural tube

2. Formation of the brain

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9
Q

Occurs day 18 after fertilization; Thickening of the ectoderm; forms in the middle; extends from head to tail region

A

Neural plate; A groove forms in center of neural plate, with folds on either side

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10
Q

What happens on day 22 after fertilization?

A

The folds of the neural groove grow up and toward each other and become connected, forming the neural tube; begins in the cervical region and “zips” up and down, leaving the ends open; after tube forms, neural crest cells breaks off

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11
Q

Open ends of the neural tube

A

Neuropores

Rostral neuropore closes by day 24; Caudal neuropore closes by day 26
If they do not close, there will be neurological problems

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12
Q

What happens if the caudal neuropore doesn’t close?

A

Spina bifida

  • Vertebrae do not form normally
  • Associated with inadequate folic acid intake by mother
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13
Q

What happens if the rostral neuropore doesn’t close

A

Anencephaly

  • Failure of forebrain to develop correctly (Often brainstem is present)
  • Skull does not form over incomplete brain
  • Most fetuses die before birth
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14
Q

What aids in the closing of the neural tube?

A

Folic acid; pregnant women are recommended to take supplement

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15
Q

Neural tube layer that is inside of the tube and made up of cells (gray matter)

A

Mantle layer

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16
Q

Neural tube layer that is outside of the tube and made up of axons/processes of cells in mantle layer

A

Marginal layer

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17
Q

The inside space in the tube forms the

A

ventricular system

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18
Q

In the neural tube, the alar plate (association plate) is _____ and the basal plate (motor plate) is ____

A

Dorsal; ventral

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19
Q

Where do lower motor neurons develop?

A

Basal plate

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20
Q

Where do interneurons of sensory systems develop?

A

Alar plate

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21
Q

Line that divides the alar and basal plates of the neural tube

A

Sulcus limitans

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22
Q

Added onto neural tube from L5-S5

A

Secondary neurulation

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23
Q

Cells that separate during formation of neural tube, the cells migrate and form many different types of cells (Neurons, Glia, Non-neuronal cells)

A

Neural crest cells

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24
Q

What are the neuronal and glial derivatives of neural crest cells?

A
  1. Sensory neurons of somatic nervous system
  2. Sensory neurons of some cranial nerves
  3. Schwann cells of PNS
  4. Postganglionic neurons of autonomic nervous system
25
Q

What are the three primary vesicles of the brain that develop during the 4th week?

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
26
Q

When do two of the primary vesicles split? which vesicles split? what do they split into?

A

5th week

  1. Prosencephalon - Telencephalon, diencephalon
  2. Rhombencephalon - Metenchephalon, myelencephalon
27
Q

What are some of the brain structures to describe the adult brain?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
28
Q

What does the telencephalon form in the brain?

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres

2. Basal ganglia

29
Q

What does the diencephalon form in the brain?

A
  1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

30
Q

What does the mesencephalon form in the brain?

A

Midbrain

31
Q

Does not persist in adulthood; As flexure forms, the walls of neural tube split apart

A

Pontine flexure

32
Q

What does the metencephalon form in the brain?

A

Cerebellum, most of the pons

33
Q

What does the myelencephalon form in the brain?

A

Most medulla

34
Q

What further development of the telencephalon occurs?

A
  1. The cerebral hemispheres expand so that they cover the diencephalon
  2. The hemispheres become C-shaped
  3. The insula region does not grow as fast, and it becomes covered by the frontal and temporal lobes
  4. Surface folds to produce gyri and sulci
35
Q

Where are neurons that divide located?

A

Next to the ventricles

36
Q

Where is the gray matter in the cerebral cortex?

A

outter surface of the brain

37
Q

How do neurons migrate from next to the ventricles to the outter surface of the brain?

A
  1. Sending out processes, then following them

2. follow radial glia

38
Q

When do neurons differentiate?

A

Once they reach their location (location can determine differentiation)

39
Q

What acts as a “feeler” and tells the neuron where to go when neurons send out processes to migrate; samples environments (moves toward attractants, moves away from other chemicals)

A

Growth cone

When growth cone reaches its target vesicles are produced and synapse forms

40
Q

What happens to neurons that do not make connections with other neurons or are not active?

A

They tend to die (esp motor neurons in the spinal cord)

41
Q

During innervation of muscles; Initially more than one motor neuron innervates each muscle fiber; During development, axons retract so that only one motor neuron innervates each muscle fiber

A

Axonal retraction

42
Q

What determines the muscle fiber type?

A

The nerve that innervates them

43
Q

When does myelination begin? when is it complete?

A

4th fetal month; 3rd year of life

  • Lower motor neurons – by 1 month
  • Projections from motor cortex to spinal cord – 2 years (Babinski reflex)
44
Q

There may be neurological problems that may not be immediately noticed; These impairments will become observed as the impaired systems become functional; For example, balance or lower extremity impairments may not be observed until a child begins to try to stand and walk

A

Growing into deficit

45
Q

What causes the brain to increase in weight from 400 grams at birth to a 3fold increase at 3 years?

A
  • Myelination
  • Number of processes

Fully developed brains 1100-1700 grams

46
Q

What age does brain weight begin to decline?

A

50’s - normal, brain knows how to work better so brain prunes back more

47
Q

Times during development that are crucial for normal development and outcomes

A

Critical periods

48
Q

When do critical periods occur?

A
  1. Neurons are dividing
  2. Neurons competing for connections
  • i.e., vision, language
49
Q

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum; Medulla and pons often small; Initially often have no symptoms but often begin in adolescence and early adulthood (Headache induced by coughing, sneezing, straining; Possible hydrocephalus (block CSF flow); Cranial nerve dysfunction)

A

Arnold-Chiara Type 1

  • If deficits are stable, no treatment
  • If deficits are progressing, the bone that is compressing the hind brain can be removed
50
Q

Malformation of brainstem and cerebellum - extend through foramen magnum; Signs present in infancy; Usually associated with meningomyelocele

A

Arnold-Chiara Type 2

51
Q

What are the symptoms of Arnold-Chiara type 2?

A
  1. Progressive hydrocephaly
  2. Paralysis of sternocleidomastoid muscles
  3. Deafness
  4. Weakness in lateral eye movements
  5. Weakness in facial muscles
52
Q

Effect depends on stage of development; Disrupts neuronal proliferation; Interferes with neurodevelopment processes; Effects more subtle than those of alcohol

A

Fetal Cocaine Exposure

53
Q

Non-progressive and permanent disorder; Injury to developing brain (Prenatal, postnatal, or at time of birth); Defined by motor and postural impairments, though may also have sensory and cognitive impairments; Growing into deficit is common

A

Cerebral palsy

54
Q

Classification of CP based on tone: velocity–dependent resistance to stretch (faster the stretch, greater the resistance); Damaged neurons next to ventricles (Axons of neurons in cerebral cortex [corticospinal pathways]); Toe Walking; Scissor gait; Associated with premature birth

A

Spasticity

55
Q

Classification of CP based on tone: involuntary movement; Damage in basal ganglia; Slow, writhing movements of extremities and/or trunk (athetosis); Poor control of proximal movement; Sustained, intermittent muscle contractions (dystonia)

A

Dyskinesia

56
Q

Classification of CP based on tone: lack of coordination; Damage to cerebellum; Lack of coordination; Dysmetria (inability to move a body part the right distance); Weakness; Shaking movements (tremor) during movements

A

Ataxia

57
Q

Classification of CP based on tone: reduced muscle tone

A

Hypotonia

58
Q

Classification of CP based on tone: lead-pipe resistance to passive stretch (doesn’t matter how quickly you stretch, same resistance occurs)

A

Rigidity

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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