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Neuroscience > Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What makes something plastic?

A
  1. something that has a structure

2. structure can change

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2
Q

Any [long term] change in the nervous system that is not periodic; Duration of more than a few seconds; Combination of both flexibility and stability

A

Neuroplasticity

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3
Q

Decreased response to a repeated stimulus that doesn’t matter; Involves changes in neurotransmitter release (strength of synaptic connections); Reversible

A

Habituation

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4
Q

How can habituation be reversed?

A
  1. Stop repeating the stimulus
  2. Change the stimulus
  3. Sensitizing stimulus
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5
Q

How could you use habituation?

A

Use of techniques and exercises to decrease the neural response to a stimulus; repeated stimulus to create habituation

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6
Q

More long-lasting, persistent; involves changes in strength of synaptic connections

A

learning and memory

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7
Q

What are the 3 main types of learning and memory?

A
  1. Motor memory
  2. Verbal memory
  3. Emotional memory
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8
Q

Procedural memory; the more you do a task, the better you will be

A

Motor memory

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9
Q

Remembering items that can be spoken or written; repetition can help

A

Verbal memory

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10
Q

Memory for associations of emotions with specific places, people, etc.

A

Emotional memory

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11
Q

When starting to learn a task, _______ of the brain involved. With repetition the number of brain regions [increase/decrease]. When the the task is learned _______ of the brain show activity during performance of a task.

A

Large and diffuse areas; decrease; distinct regions (only regions involved)

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12
Q

Long-term memory requires

A
  1. the synthesis of new proteins

2. growth of new synaptic connections

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13
Q

Proposed mechanism to explain long-term memory

A

Long-term potentiation

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14
Q

Where does long-term potentiation occur?

A

Hippocampus (pt of temporal low)

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15
Q

The hippocampus is important for processing _________. Bilateral damage to the hippocampus results in an inability to form new ____________.

A

Verbal memory; verbal memories

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16
Q

Repetitive stimulation of hippocampus will [increase/decrease] the responses to the stimulus. how doe one accomplish this in treatment?

A

increase;

  1. single stim - measure response
  2. repeated stem
  3. single stem - measure response (larger)
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17
Q

What are the effects of long term potentiation

A
  1. Increases in synaptic activity
  2. Increased effectiveness of neuron firing
  3. Synapses that are effective become more effective (Neurons that fire together, wire together)
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18
Q

What happens to astrocytes in long-term potentiation?

A

increase in astrocyte-neuron conctacts

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19
Q

What are the mechanisms of LTP?

A
  1. Conversion of ‘silent synapses’ into active synapses

2. Postsynaptic membrane is remodeled to form new dendritic spines and synapses

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20
Q

What happens when the cell body of a neuron is injured?

A

If severe enough, it will kill the cell (dead neurons are not replace)

21
Q

What happens when the axon of a neuron is injured?

A
  1. Will cause degenerative changes, but will not necessarily kill the neuron
  2. If axon severed, the two ends will seal; has a proximal section of the axon, which is attached to the cell body, and a distal section, which continues to the presynaptic terminal
22
Q

What will happen to the distal section of the axon after injury?

A
  1. “Wallerian degeneration” - section away from body degenerates
  2. Glial cells will clean up (schwann cells in PNS)
  3. Postsynaptic cell will show some degenerative changes (trans-synaptic degeneration, some may die)
23
Q

What happens to the proximal section of the axon after injury?

A

Central chromatolysis (dissolution of Nissle substance [rough ER]; cell body may die

24
Q

Does age at the time of injury matter with neuronal cell injury?

A

Yes, children recover better; recovery decreases with age

25
Q

Denervated target is reinnervated by branches of intact axons; occurs in polio

A

Collateral sprouting

26
Q

Target and axon both damaged, Target dies, and Injured axon sends out collaterals to new targets; new axons sprout to new targets

A

Regenerative sprouting

27
Q

Schwann cells make growth factors that contribute to recovery of peripheral axons; Recovery is better with a crush injury compared to a cutting injury; more prevalent in PNS

A

Functional regeneration

28
Q

Factors that exist in PNS that improve recover and facilitate regeneration

A

Nerve Growth Factor (produced by schwann cells)

29
Q

What are the factors that contribute to the CNS’s inability to regenerate?

A
  1. No Schwann cells producing NGF
  2. Oligodendrocytes inhibit growth of neurons
  3. Incomplete cleanup of cellular debris by microglia
30
Q

What problem can occur during regenerate?

A

Sprouting may innervate inappropriate targets

  • Motor neurons may innervate different muscles (These movements are usually short-lived, and the individual relearns muscle control)
  • Can also see confusion of sensory modalities
31
Q

What changes occur in synapses after injury?

A
  1. Local edema and recovery of synaptic effectiveness
  2. Denervation hypersensitivity
  3. Synaptic hyper effectiveness
  4. Unmasking of silent synapses
32
Q

Why can edema cause a neuron to stop working?

A

Edema can put pressure on axons or cell bodies and cause the neuron to become inactive (function can return after pressure is relieved)

33
Q

Occurs when there is damage to presynaptic terminals; The postsynaptic cells lose all or some of their synaptic inputs; Postsynpatic neurons (and muscles) respond by producing more receptors (will respond to NTMs released by other axons)

A

Denervation hypersensitivity

34
Q

Occurs when only some of the axon branches of a neuron are damaged; The presynaptic cell body still makes the usual amount of neurotransmitter, so each terminal receives more neurotransmitter, and more neurotransmitter is released at each synapse

A

Synaptic hypereffectiveness

35
Q

How does unmasking of silent synapses occur?

A
  1. Disinhibition of silent synapses
  2. Many synapses in the central nervous system appear to be non-functional (silent)
  3. An injury to pathways in the brain can unmask these synapses and they can become functional
36
Q

What chemicals are important for changes in silent synapses?

A
  1. NMDA receptors
  2. Ca++ ions
  3. Neurotrophins (growth factors)
  4. Substance P
  5. Nitric oxide
  6. Changes in subtypes of sodium ion channels
37
Q

What happens to the area of cortex corresponding to a particular part of our body we used more?

A

Increases in size

38
Q

What are complications of neuronal reorganization?

A
  1. May see referred sensations after an amputation (phantom limb sensation, phantom pain); Stimuli that are applied to one area of the body are felt to occur in a different part of the body; A touch to the chin may be felt as if it were applied to a missing fifth finger
  2. Functional reorganization may also be a factor in some chronic pain syndromes, where pain persists after the injury heals
39
Q

_______ of somatosensory pathways causes the increased release of inhibitory neurotransmitters.
If there is _____ of sensory pathways, the cortex can become more sensitive to weak stimuli.

A

Overstimulation; understimulation

40
Q

What can promote axonal growth to increase stimulation?

A

Reduced activity

41
Q

Supports survival of sensory neurons, basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons; May be of use in local treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson’s Disease); May be of use in protecting motor neurons in patients with motor neuropathies and ALS

A

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

42
Q

May have a role in treating Alzheimer’s Disease (protects cholinergic neurons in primates), Diabetic neuropathy, and Chemotherapy-induced neuropathies; May promote neuroplasticity

A

Nerve growth facto (NGF)

43
Q

Patient is made to use the affected body part; patient has an injury to the CNS; mostly done with patients with strokes, extended to patients with CP

A

Forced Activity (AKA constraint induced moment therapy)

44
Q

According to a study conducted by Kozlowski et al, what is the effect of making the animal use the affected area in the sensorimotor cortex right away?

A

The injury will become more severe; Long-term behavioral deficits (Poor limb placement, Decreased response to sensory stimulation, Defective use of limb for postural support)

45
Q

According to a study conducted by Nudo et al, what is the the effect of waiting 5 days after a lesion in the sensorimotor cortex before making the animal do activity?

A

The lesion reduced in size and prevented loss of function in the area adjacent to lesion

46
Q

In human studies in pts with strokes, pts’ unaffected limbs were restrained and were made to use their affected side 8 hours a day 1-2 times per week. What were its results?

A

Motor functioning were improved

47
Q

Why could constraint therapy work?

A

Pt is affected with learned helplessness

  • brain learns a body part doesn’t work
  • even if some function returns, pts still won’t use it because they have learned it doesn’t work
48
Q

“too much of a good thing”; happens when brain cells are killed (ischemia or TBI); large amounts of glutamate is released and excite NMDA receptors, causing a large Ca influx, resulting in the neuronal death

A

Excitotoxicity

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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