Cell biology

Question 1

What are the types of cells in the nervous system?

Answer 1

1. Glial
2. Neurons
3. Neural stem cells

Question 2

Macroglial cell involved with cell signaling, blood-brain barrier, development, support for neuron, clean up cellular debris, produce growth substances to keen neurons alive, and form a framework for migration of neurons during development (radial glia)

Answer 2

Astrocytes

Question 3

What are the myelin-prducing cells?

Answer 3

1. Schwann cells

2. Oligodendrocytes

Question 4

What are the functions of myelin?

Answer 4

1. Insulate axons and cell bodies of neurons from each other

2. Speed up AP

Question 5

What cleans up debris in the PNS?

Answer 5

Schwann cells

Question 6

Promote regeneration in the peripheral nervous system; Surround unmyelinated axons, but do not form a myelin sheath

Answer 6

Schwann cells

Question 7

Phagocytic cells; Macrophages that migrate into brain; Normally at rest in brain; Become activated after injury, infection or disease

Answer 7

Microglia

Question 8

Contains nucleus; Site of protein synthesis; Receives and processes information from other neurons

Answer 8

Soma

Question 9

Project from soma; Specialized for receiving information and also processes information

Answer 9

Dendrites

Question 10

At ends of axon branches; Specialized for transmission of information to other cells at the synapse; Usually use neurotransmitters to transmit the information

Answer 10

Presynaptic terminal

Question 11

The mechanism for the relatively rapid transport of organelles and molecules to and from the presynaptic terminal

Answer 11

Axoplasmic transport (anterograde=from soma out, retrograde=opposite)

Question 12

How fast does slow axoplasmic transport occur? why is this important?

Answer 12

1 mm/day; this is the rate at which neurons grow back

Question 13

How many axons do psuedounipolar neurons have?

Answer 13

2 (both processes are axons

Question 14

Transmitting information from one neuron to another is a function of _____ type neuron

Answer 14

bipolar

Question 15

Cell type: Receive and integrate large amounts of information; Spinal motor neurons; Purkinje cells in cerebellum

Answer 15

Multipolar

Question 16

Almost all sensory neurons in the body are ______ type neurons

Answer 16

Psuedounipolar

Question 17

Psuedounipolar neurons are at type of _______ neurons

Answer 17

Bipolar

Question 18

A single axon has several branches that terminate on many different cells

Answer 18

Divergence

Question 19

Name the 3 different places a single sensory neuron sends signals to. What is this an example of?

Answer 19

1. Interneurons that mediate reflexes
2. Cerebral cortex for consciousness of sensation
3. Cerebellum (unconscious proprioception)

Divergence

Question 20

Multiple inputs from different neurons terminate on a single neuron

Answer 20

Convergence

Question 21

Neurons may respond to 2 or more stimuli (Texture and temperature). This is an example of

Answer 21

Convergence

Question 22

Rods and cones respond to points of light.
Retina detect On center/Off surround.
Visual cortex responds to bars of light.
This is an example of complex stimuli representative of:

Answer 22

Convergence

Question 23

True or Flase:

Most neurons require excitatory input from more than one neuron in order to fire an action potential.

Answer 23

True (AKA summation)

Question 24

What occurs with demylenination?

Answer 24

there is a slowing or even blocking of action potentials

Question 25

What 4 things cause peripheral demyelination?

Answer 25

1. Metabolic abnormalities
2. Viruses
3. Toxic chemicals
4. Immune system

Question 26

Disease of peripheral demyelination; Schwann cells affected; Thought to be autoimmune attack on myelin in peripheral nervous system in response to another infection

Answer 26

Guillan-Barre

Question 27

Central nervous system demyelination; Autoimmune disease; Will see patches of demyelination, called plaques, due to the degeneration of oligodendrocytes; In chronic cases, the myelin sheath is replaced by glial scarring; high incidence in white women

Answer 27

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)