support and movement

Question 1

what are the 3 things needed for movement?

Answer 1

1. skeleton
2. muscles
3. energy

Question 2

what are the 3 main functions of a skeleton?

Answer 2

1. movement
2. shape and support
3. protection

Question 3

what are the 3 types of skeletons?

Answer 3

1. hydrostatic
2. endoskeleton
3. exoskeleton

Question 4

what is a hydrostatic skeleton, what are some example organisms, what are advantages/disadvantages?

Answer 4

-hydrostatic skeleton is a fluid-filled cavity under pressure
-form and movement controlled by contracting muscles
-annelids, nematodes, flatworms, cnidarians
Advantage:
-flexible
Disadvantage:
-minimal protection
-cannot support form high off the ground

Question 5

what is an exoskeleton, what are some example organisms, what are the advantages/disadvantages?

Answer 5

-hard outer encasement deposited on surface of animal
-molluscs (clams, oysters) and arthropods
Advantages:
-protection
-water retention
-support and movement
Disadvantages
-heavy
-requires molting

Question 6

what is an endoskeleton, what are some example organisms, what are the advantages/disadvantages?

Answer 6

-hard supporting elements buried in soft tissue
-vertebrates
Advantages:
-movement
-support
-lightweight
Disadvantages:
-does not help with water retention
-minimal protection of internal organs

Question 7

What re the 2 elements of the human skeleton, what is their function?

Answer 7

1. Axial skeleton (think abdomen)
   - core support, protects brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs
2. Appendicular skeleton (appendages)
   - for locomotion/movement
   - limited protection

Question 8

what are synovial joints?

Answer 8

• space between bones -> allow for freedom of movement

- synovial fluid and cartilage gives padding between bones so that they are not grinding together

Question 9

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 9

1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle

Question 10

what do endo and exo skeletons provide for muscles?

Answer 10

solid support to contract against

Question 11

what is flexion?

Answer 11

is when the angle between bones decreases, bending

Question 12

what is extension?

Answer 12

is when the angle between bones increases, un-bending

Question 13

what is muscle antagonism, what are the names of the 2 muscles involved, what is their action, and do they remain constant?

Answer 13

• muscle antagonism are muscles that oppose the action of one another
  1. Agonist -> muscle that is flexing
  2. Antagonist -> muscle that is relaxed
• the agonist/antagonist muscle will change, depending on what movement is being executed

Question 14

what are 3 ways that unicellular organisms move?

Answer 14

1. flagella
2. cilia
3. pseudopodia (amoeba, phagocyte)

Question 15

compare and contrast flagella and cilia

Answer 15

Similar: 
-both extensions of cytoskeleton that help unicellular organisms move
flagella:
-1 or few
-undulated motion
-longer than cilia
cilia:
-shorter than flagella
-rowing motion
-large numbers, cover whole cell

Question 16

what is a pseudopodia, how does it move?

Answer 16

“fake foot” -> moves by extension and contraction of cytoskeleton.

• builds cytoskeleton up, pulls cell along
• amoebas, phagocytes

Question 17

Origin vs insertion bones

Answer 17

Origin -> bone that is not moving (site of attachment)

Insertion -> bone that is moving