Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY 1110 pre-midterm > digestion > Flashcards

digestion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 components of digestion?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are 4 types of ingestion, what are examples of each

A
  1. suspension/filter feeders -> whales
  2. bulk feeders -> snakes, humans
  3. fluid feeders -> mosquitoes
  4. substrate feeders (eat where they live)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why do animals have digestive compartments?

A

As a safety feature; don’t want digestive liquids to digest themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two types of digestion, how are they different from each other?

A

Intracellular and extracellular.

Intra is digestion that takes place inside of the cell, extra takes place outside of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is it called when cells engulf food particles?

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does intracellular digestion work, is it chemical or mechanical digestion, and what is the organelle that accomplishes digestion?

A

chemical digestion

  1. cell engulfs food particle -> phagocytosis
  2. lysosome fuses with vacoule containing food particle
  3. digestive enzymes in lysosome digest food particle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the digestive enzyme found in lysosomes?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a digestive system?

A

an alimentary canal (digestive tract) + accessory glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is peristalsis? how does it work in the digestive system?

A
  • peristalsis is rhythmic muscle contractions
  • in the digestive tract: food is pushed through the alimentary canal by peristalsis (contractions/relaxations of muscles found in the walls of the alimentary canal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a crop? What organisms are they found in?

A

a crop is a compartment for storage in the alimentary canal, found before digestion.
-found in earthworms, grasshoppers, ,and birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a gizzard? What organisms are they found in?

A
  • a gizzard is a compartment for grinding up food in the alimentary canal.
  • well defined muscles
  • Found in organism that do not have teeth.
  • often has rocks/debris in it to assist in grinding
  • found in earthworms, and birds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a typhlosole, what does it do, what organisms is it found in?

A
  • internal fold of intestine, which helps to increase surface area.
  • found in earthworms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are gastric caeca, what are their function, what organisms do we see this in?

A
  • are stomach pouches that provide increased surface area

- found in grasshoppers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is increased surface area in the digestive system so important?

A

because it allows for more digestive enzyme secretion, and more nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are spiral valves in sharks for?

A

spiral valves push food to the outside of the small intestine, increasing the time food has contact with the wall of the small intestine, increasing absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are pyloric caeca, what is their function and what organisms are they found in?

A
  • pouches between stomach and small intestine, allowing for more enzymes and absorption
  • found in bony fish
17
Q

what is the function of the oral cavity?

A
  • mechanical and chemical digestion

- break down of sugars, no protein, small amount of lipid breakdown

18
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A
  • transport tube

- no digestion occurs here

19
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A
  • mechanical (3 muscles churning) and chemical (gastric juice) digestion
  • protein digestion
20
Q

what is gastric juice?

A

hydrochloric acid + the enzyme pepsin

21
Q

what are the 3 types of cells involved in making gastric juice, what is their role?

A
  1. Parietal cells
    - secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately
  2. Chief cells
    - secrete inactive pepsinogen
    - activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid
  3. Mucus cells
    - protects stomach lining from gastric juice
22
Q

what does pepsin do?

A

digests protein

23
Q

what does the pancreas do, how does this aid in digestion?

A
  • pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine
  • this contains bicarbonate
  • bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid and adds digestive enzymes -> important because the small intestine doesn’t have mucus to protect it from the gastric juice
24
Q

what does the liver do, how does this aid in digestion?

A
  • liver produces bile

- bile emulsifies fat, making it easier to digest

25
Q

what does the gallbladder do, ho does this aid in digestion?

A
  • gallbladder stores bile from the liver
  • ensures that there is enough bile present when the organism eats; especially in bulk feeders that may eat a lot in one go
26
Q

what is a cecum, where is it found in the digestive system, what animals is it most prevalent in?

A
  • cecum is a compartment that aids in the breakdown of plant material
  • found between small intestine and large intestine
  • most prevalent in herbivores.
27
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine, what is its main functions?

A
  • colon and rectum
  • water reabsorption from chyme
  • storage until organism is ready to defecate
28
Q

what is chyme?

A

food after it leaves the stomach, before this it is bolus

29
Q

what is the main factor behind evolutionary adaptions of digestive systems in vertebrates?

A

diet

30
Q

what are the dental adaptations of herbivores vs carnivores vs omnivores?

A 
Herbivores:
-reduced/no canines
-large flat pre-molars and molars for grinding their food
Carnivores:
-large canines for shredding/tearing food
-molars are sharper
Omnivores:
-mixed teeth shapes/sizes
-able to grind and tear
31
Q

what are stomach/intestinal adaptations of herbivores vs carnivores?

A 
Herbivores:
-have longer digestive tract
-have large cecum
Carnivores:
-have short digestive tract
-very small cecum
-stretchy stomach
32
Q

What is coprophagy, which organisms do we see this in, why does this occur?

A
  • poo eaters!
  • non-ruminant herbivores ie. rabbits
  • their cecum breaks down cellulose, but occurs after site for nutrient absorption ->after short intestine -> they have already absorbed all the nutrients they can before cecum can break down the rest
  • poop it out, eat it again, and now can absorb the rest of the nutrients
33
Q

what are ruminants?

A

ruminants are herbivores with a 4 chambered stomach that regurgitate their food and eat it again. ie. cows

34
Q

What are the 4 chambers in a ruminants stomach, what are their functions?

A
  1. Rumen -> first chamber that bolus enters
  2. Reticulum -> symbiotic microbes digest cellulose rich meal
    Reguritation and re chewing
  3. Omasum -> swallowed cud goes to omasum for water removal
  4. Abomasum -> digestion by cow’s enzymes
35
Q

what is bolus?

A

food mass until it leaves the stomach

36
Q

what are villi? where are they found, what do they do?

A
  • are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine
  • found in small intestine
  • increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls making available a greater surface area for absorption

BIOLOGY 1110 pre-midterm (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions