Kingdom Plantae - evo pt 2

Question 1

Compare/contrast vascular vs non-vascular plants.

Answer 1

Non-vascular:
1. no roots/leaves/stems
2. no vascular tissue of lignin
3. typically 3-5 cm tall
4. need water to reproduce
5. restricted to wet terrestrial habitats
Vascular:
1. roots/leaves/stems
2. vascular tissue and lignin
3. typically larger than a few cm
4. do not require standing water to reproduce
5. wide range of habitats

Question 2

Bryophytes
Examples:
Flagellated sperm:
Vascular tissue:
Seeds:
Characteristics:
Distinct Characteristics:

Answer 2

Examples: liverworts, mosses
Flagellated sperm: yes
Vascular tissue: no
Seeds: no
Characteristics: small (3-5cm), no roots/true leaves, need standing water for reproduction, gametophyte is dominant generation
Distinct Characteristics: no vascular tissue

Question 3

what ecological roles does moss have?

Answer 3

inhabits diverse environments -> helps to break down rock into soil. helps retain nitrogen in soil.

Question 4

Seedless vascular plants (pterophyta)
Examples:
Flagellated sperm:
Vascular tissue:
Seeds:
Characteristics:
Distinct Characteristics:

Answer 4

Examples: ferns, horsetail
Flagellated sperm: yes
Vascular tissue: yes
Seeds: no
Characteristics: larger than bryophytes, has roots and leaves, often have fronds, sporophyte is dominant generation, needs water for reproduction, has sori (clusters of sporangia) on underside of leaves, often have rhizomes (stems that give rise to leaves and roots)
Distinct Characteristics: has both vascular tissue and flagellated sperm

Question 5

What are the 2 growth forms of the most ancient kind of vascular plants?

Answer 5

1. Prostrate - on or right above ground

2. Epiphytic - non parasitic growth on another plant

Question 6

Vascular seed plants (coniferophyta)
Examples:
Flagellated sperm:
Vascular tissue:
Seeds:
Characteristics:
Distinct Characteristics:

Answer 6

Examples: fir, pine, redwood
Flagellated sperm: no
Vascular tissue: yes
Seeds: yes
Characteristics: biggest/oldest living plant organisms, often evergreen, needle shaped leaves, drought resistant, thick cuticle, “naked seeds”, does not need water to reproduce, variety of climates
Distinct Characteristics: largest/oldest plant organisms

Question 7

Angiosperms (anthophyta)
Examples:
Flagellated sperm:
Vascular tissue:
Seeds:
Characteristics:
Distinct Characteristics:

Answer 7

Examples: fruit trees, flowers
Flagellated sperm: no
Vascular tissue: yes
Seeds: yes
Characteristics: seeds surrounded by fruit (not-naked seed), 90%of plant species, complex reproductive systems, do not need water to reproduce, variety of climates
Distinct Characteristics: had flower, or fruit

Question 8

what is a seed?

Answer 8

seed is an embryo + a food supply + protective layer ->detachable mobile womb

Question 9

3 advantages of seeds

Answer 9

1. has a food supply
2. can remain dormant
3. can be transported long distances by wind or animals

Question 10

What are 2 kinds of angiosperms?

Answer 10

1. monocots -> meaning 1 embryonic leaf

2. eudicots ->meaning has 2 embryonic leaves (More than two-thirds of angiosperm species)

Question 11

What are the differences in structure between monocots and eudicots? (angiosperm diversity)

Embryos:
Leaf venation:
Stems:
Roots: 
Pollen:
Flowers:

Answer 11

monocots:
Embryos -> 1 cotyledon
Leaf venation -> veins usually parallel
Stems -> vascular tissues scattered
Roots -> spread out, no main root
Pollen -> grain has one opening
Flowers -> flower organs in multiples of 3
eudicots:
Embryos -> 2 cotyledons
Leaf venation -> web like veins
Stems -> vascular tissue in a ring
Roots -> usually has main taproot
Pollen -> grain has 3 openings
Flowers -> flower organs in multiples of 4 or 5

Question 12

what is vascular tissue?

Answer 12

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients

throughout plant body

Question 13

what is the difference between spores and gametes (eggs/sperms)?

Answer 13

spores:
-are created asexually
-come from adult sporophyte, grow into gametophyte
-aerial dispersal
-sporopollenin covering (helps make resistant to dehydration)
gametes:
-for sexual reproduction; gametes need to fuse with another gamete to become zygote
-come from adult gametophytes, grow into sporophytes
-flagellated and need water for dispersal
-no sporopollenin

Question 14

what is pollen? why is this significant?

Answer 14

• non-flagellated sperms
• significant because it means that reproduction is not reliant on water
• pollen can travel long distances in a dehydrated state

Question 15

what are flowers?

Answer 15

• Complex reproductive structures

- Sites of pollination and fertilization

Question 16

what is the function of fruit?

Answer 16

• to protect and disperse seeds