Cells Flashcards
parts/functions of a cell and properties of life
What are the 7 properties of life?
- Order (structure and function)
- Energy Utilization/processing
- Homeostasis/Regulation (optimal working environment)
- Response to environment
- Reproduction
- Growth/development
- Evolutionary Adaptation
What is the hierarchy of organization on the planet? (10 levels)
- atoms/molecules
- organelles
- cells/molecules
- tissues
- organs/organ systems
- organism
- populations
- community
- ecosystem (includes living and non-living)
- biosphere
What are emergent properties?
- New properties that emerge due to new structure/function interactions that occur.
- Becomes more complex -> new emergent property
First level that has all 7 properties of life?
The cell -> fundamental unit of life
What is cell theory?
- all living organisms are made of cells
- the cell is the basic structural and functional
unit of an organism - cells can only come from pre-existing cells
What are the two types of cells?
- Prokaryotic -> bacteria/archaea
2. Eukaryotic -> animal/plant/fungi/protist
4 things all cells contain
- plasma membrane
- semi-fluid substance ->cytosol
- chromosomes (genes)
- ribosomes (makes proteins)
Eukaryotic cell properties
- yes membrane enclosed nucleus
- yes Membrane bound organelles
- larger than prokaryotic cells
- only plants and fungi have external walls
Prokaryotic cell properties
- no membrane enclosed nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- smaller than eukaryotic cells
- almost all have touch external walls
Animal cell properties
- eukaryotic cell
- no cell wall
- no chloroplast
- no vacuole
- yes flagellum
Plant cell properties
- eukaryotic cell
- yes cell wall
- yes chloroplast
- yes vacuole
- no flagellum
What is the plasma membrane function?
(also called cell membrane)
function: controls what can go in and out of cell -> selectively permeable barrier
- contains cell (within cell wall though)
- is the identification of the cell
- flexible but strong
What does the plasma membrane structure do?
- identification of cell -> sugars on surface of cell can be read by other cells and can communicate
What is the Nucleus?
function: control center of cell contains: 1. nucleus envelope -> double lipid bi layer (2 walls) + pores 2. Chromatin – DNA/protein complex 3. Nucleolus – rRNA synthesis
What are Ribosomes?
function: synthesize protein
- organelles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
- can be free (cytosol) or fixed (rough ER)
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
2 parts:
- Rough ER
function: synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins
- can do this because it has ribosomes - Smooth ER
function: (depends on type of cell) lipid/glycogen synthesis, metabolism, storage, and detoxification
- does not have ribosomes (therefore does not make protein)
-ER membrane is continuous from the nucleus membrane
What is the Golgi Complex?
function: modifies/packages/stores products from ER
- Flattened membranous sacs off of Rough ER -> flattened “pancakes”
What are the types/functions of Vesicles?
- Secretory -> moves things out of cell
- Membrane renewal -> add/remove membrane components
- Transport -> movement of substances around cell
What is the function of a Lysosome?
function: digestion
- breakdown ingested organisms
- breakdown old organelles
- intracellular digestion
What/where are Vacuoles found?
function: storage
- only in plant cells
- holds organic compounds/water
What is the Mitochondria?
the powerhouse of the cell!
function: site of cell respiration, produces ATP
- in nearly all eukaryotic cells
What are Chloroplasts?
function: site of photosynthesis. converts light energy -> chemical energy
- found in plants and algae
What does the mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
- convert energy into forms that cells can use
- have a double membrane
- have proteins made by free ribosomes
- have there own DNA
What are the 3 levels of cellular organization?
- unicellular organism
- colonial organism
- multicellular organism
What is a Unicellular organism?
an organism that is made up of only one cell that can preform all the processes of life without help from any other cells
What is a Colonial organism?
an organism that is a cluster of individual organisms living closely together. there is a benefit to living together vs apart.
What is a Multicellular organism?
an organism that is made up of more than 1 type of cell. has specialized cells grouped together to preform specialized functions.
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
Cellular respiration is the process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.
What is Photosynthesis?
Occurs in chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis is the process in which chloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugar from CO2 and water.
What is the endomembrane system?
It is the system responsible for:
- the synthesis of proteins,
- the transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell
- metabolism and movement of lipids
- detoxification of poisons
Which organelles are involved in the endomembrane system?
- nuclear envelope
- smooth and rough ER
- Golgi apparatus
- vesicles/vacuoles
- cell membrane
- lysosomes
What is DNA?
DNA is the carrier of genetic information
