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BIOLOGY 1110 pre-midterm > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

parts/functions of a cell and properties of life

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1
Q

What are the 7 properties of life?

A
  1. Order (structure and function)
  2. Energy Utilization/processing
  3. Homeostasis/Regulation (optimal working environment)
  4. Response to environment
  5. Reproduction
  6. Growth/development
  7. Evolutionary Adaptation
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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of organization on the planet? (10 levels)

A
  1. atoms/molecules
  2. organelles
  3. cells/molecules
  4. tissues
  5. organs/organ systems
  6. organism
  7. populations
  8. community
  9. ecosystem (includes living and non-living)
  10. biosphere
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3
Q

What are emergent properties?

A
  • New properties that emerge due to new structure/function interactions that occur.
  • Becomes more complex -> new emergent property
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4
Q

First level that has all 7 properties of life?

A

The cell -> fundamental unit of life

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5
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  1. all living organisms are made of cells
  2. the cell is the basic structural and functional
    unit of an organism
  3. cells can only come from pre-existing cells
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6
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  1. Prokaryotic -> bacteria/archaea

2. Eukaryotic -> animal/plant/fungi/protist

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7
Q

4 things all cells contain

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. semi-fluid substance ->cytosol
  3. chromosomes (genes)
  4. ribosomes (makes proteins)
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8
Q

Eukaryotic cell properties

A
  • yes membrane enclosed nucleus
  • yes Membrane bound organelles
  • larger than prokaryotic cells
  • only plants and fungi have external walls
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9
Q

Prokaryotic cell properties

A
  • no membrane enclosed nucleus
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • smaller than eukaryotic cells
  • almost all have touch external walls
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10
Q

Animal cell properties

A
  • eukaryotic cell
  • no cell wall
  • no chloroplast
  • no vacuole
  • yes flagellum
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11
Q

Plant cell properties

A
  • eukaryotic cell
  • yes cell wall
  • yes chloroplast
  • yes vacuole
  • no flagellum
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12
Q

What is the plasma membrane function?

A

(also called cell membrane)

function: controls what can go in and out of cell -> selectively permeable barrier
- contains cell (within cell wall though)
- is the identification of the cell
- flexible but strong

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13
Q

What does the plasma membrane structure do?

A
  • identification of cell -> sugars on surface of cell can be read by other cells and can communicate
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14
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A 
function: control center of cell
contains:
1. nucleus envelope -> double lipid bi layer (2 walls) + pores
2. Chromatin – DNA/protein complex
3. Nucleolus – rRNA synthesis
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15
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

function: synthesize protein
- organelles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
- can be free (cytosol) or fixed (rough ER)

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16
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A

2 parts:

  1. Rough ER
    function: synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins
    - can do this because it has ribosomes
  2. Smooth ER
    function: (depends on type of cell) lipid/glycogen synthesis, metabolism, storage, and detoxification
    - does not have ribosomes (therefore does not make protein)

-ER membrane is continuous from the nucleus membrane

17
Q

What is the Golgi Complex?

A

function: modifies/packages/stores products from ER

- Flattened membranous sacs off of Rough ER -> flattened “pancakes”

18
Q

What are the types/functions of Vesicles?

A
  1. Secretory -> moves things out of cell
  2. Membrane renewal -> add/remove membrane components
  3. Transport -> movement of substances around cell
19
Q

What is the function of a Lysosome?

A

function: digestion
- breakdown ingested organisms
- breakdown old organelles
- intracellular digestion

20
Q

What/where are Vacuoles found?

A

function: storage
- only in plant cells
- holds organic compounds/water

21
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A

the powerhouse of the cell!

function: site of cell respiration, produces ATP
- in nearly all eukaryotic cells

22
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

function: site of photosynthesis. converts light energy -> chemical energy
- found in plants and algae

23
Q

What does the mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?

A
  1. convert energy into forms that cells can use
  2. have a double membrane
  3. have proteins made by free ribosomes
  4. have there own DNA
24
Q

What are the 3 levels of cellular organization?

A
  1. unicellular organism
  2. colonial organism
  3. multicellular organism
25
Q

What is a Unicellular organism?

A

an organism that is made up of only one cell that can preform all the processes of life without help from any other cells

26
Q

What is a Colonial organism?

A

an organism that is a cluster of individual organisms living closely together. there is a benefit to living together vs apart.

27
Q

What is a Multicellular organism?

A

an organism that is made up of more than 1 type of cell. has specialized cells grouped together to preform specialized functions.

28
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
Cellular respiration is the process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.

29
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

Occurs in chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis is the process in which chloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugar from CO2 and water.

30
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

It is the system responsible for:

  1. the synthesis of proteins,
  2. the transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell
  3. metabolism and movement of lipids
  4. detoxification of poisons
31
Q

Which organelles are involved in the endomembrane system?

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. smooth and rough ER
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. vesicles/vacuoles
  5. cell membrane
  6. lysosomes
32
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is the carrier of genetic information

BIOLOGY 1110 pre-midterm (18 decks)

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