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BIOLOGY 1110 pre-midterm > community ecology > Flashcards

community ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a biological community?

A

is an assembly of populations that live close enough together for possible interactions

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2
Q

can ecologically similar species live together?

A

yes, as long as they have niches with 1+ differences

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3
Q

what is a habitat?

A
  • a place where an organism lives
  • has physical and chemical components
  • shared with other species
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4
Q

what is a niche?

A
  • specific role that a species takes in its community

- total use of biotic and abiotic elements of a particular population

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5
Q

what is an interspecific interaction, what does it have an effect on?

A

relationships/interactions between members of a community. it has an effect on the survival and reproduction (evolution) of species

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6
Q

interspecific interaction: competition
what is it, who does it harm/help?
give example

A
  • /-
  • species compete for limited resources
  • usually detrimental to both
    eg. 2 species of eat same prey -> change eating times, or one gets eliminated
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7
Q

interspecific interaction: predation
what is it, who does it harm/help?
give example

A

+/-

  • predator eats prey
  • predator benefits, prey dies
    eg. wolves eat deers
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8
Q

interspecific interaction: herbivory
what is it, who does it harm/help?
give example

A

+/-

  • herbivore eats plant/algae
  • herb benefits, plants dies
  • subset of predation/parasitism
    eg. deers eat grass
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9
Q

interspecific interaction: parasitism
what is it, who does it harm/help?
give example

A

+/-
-One organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the
process
-eg. tick on an animal

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10
Q

interspecific interaction: mutualism
what is it, who does it harm/help?
give example

A

+/+

  • both species live closely together and benefit
    eg. lichen, mycorrhizae, digestive bacteria
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11
Q

interspecific interaction: commensalism
what is it, who does it harm/help?
give example

A

+/0

  • species that live closely together where one benefits at no harm/gain to another
    eg. tree frogs hide in plants
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12
Q

what is resource partitioning, give example?

A

when competing species share a resource, but alter how they use it
eg. hunting at different time, shade vs sun

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13
Q

what is competitive exclusion, give example?

A

when species are competing for the same niche, but one is better and the other dies out

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14
Q

what is cryptic colouration, give example?

A

when species develops a morphological adaptation to look like something else, ie. camouflage
eg. a moth that has same colour pattern as bark of a tree

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15
Q

what is aposematic colouration, give example?

A

typically found in those with a chemical defense -> bright warning colours
eg. brightly coloured poisonous frogs

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16
Q

what is batesian mimicry, what is an example?

A
  • when a harmless species mimicks a harmful species

eg. moth eggs that look like a snake

17
Q

what is mullerian mimicry, what is an example?

A

a form of mimicry in which two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device, the theory being that if a predator learns to avoid one of the noxious species, it will avoid the mimic species as well
-eg. many butterflies share similar orange/red/black coloration

18
Q

what is an ectoparasite, give an example

A

ectoparasite is one that lives on external surface of host

eg. lice, fleas

19
Q

what is an endoparasite, give an example

A

endoparasite lives on the inside of host

eg. hookworm

20
Q

what is obligate mutualism, give an example

A

is a mutualism in which both need the other to survive

eg. microbes that live in the reticulum chamber of a cows stomach -> digests cellulose for cow, microbe gets food

21
Q

what is a facultative mutualism, give an example

A

is a mutualism where together both species benefit, but they could both survive on their own
eg

22
Q

what is a trophic structure?

A

The feeding relationships between organisms in a community

23
Q

what is the producer’s role in the trophic structure? how do they do this?

A

to support the rest of the community
-synthesize sugars and other organic compounds for
their own growth
-using inorganic compounds (e.g. CO2 and H2O)and
an external energy source (e.g. sunlight)

24
Q

what are consumers? What kind of consumers are there in a trophic structure, what do they eat?

A 
-consumers obtain their organic compounds from other
organisms in the trophic structure
1. Primary consumers
-consume producers
2. secondary producers
-consume primary consumers
25
Q

what are food chains?

A

food chains are pathways in energy is transferred from producers to consumers

26
Q

what are food webs?

A

food webs are interconnected food chains, with complex trophic interactions
-shows species can play more than one role in a community

27
Q

what is trophic efficiency?

A

efficiency with which food energy is converted to biomass in each link of the trophic structure

28
Q

how much energy is not transferred between trophic levels? what is the rule for trophic efficiency, what does it mean?

A
  • about 80-95% of energy is NOT transferred
  • there is a 10% rule for trophic efficiency.
  • this means only 10% of energy is transferred between levels, and that at each level, consumers need to consumer more
29
Q

give an example food chain, with 10% rule

A
  1. Producer -> grass -> 20,000J
  2. Primary consumer -> grasshopper -> 2000J
  3. Secondary consumer -> frog -> 200J
  4. Tertiary consumer -> snake -> 20J
30
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

31
Q

what affects primary productivity?

A

Abiotic factors -> eg. sunlight, water, nutrients

32
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

Two or more species living in direct and intimate

contact with one another

33
Q

what do omnivores feed on?

A

feed on both producers and consumers

34
Q

what do decomposers consume?

A

are consumers of non-living organic matter

35
Q

what two factors effect distribution of organisms?

A

biotic (predators, competition, symbiosis)

abiotic (water availability, temperature, wind, rocks)

36
Q

what is climate?

A
  • water and temperature

- Long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area

37
Q

what is a microclimate?

A
  • consists of very fine local patterns

- E.g. underneath a fallen log

38
Q

what effect does the sun have on climate?

A

The sun affects:

  • temperature variations
  • cycles of air movement
  • evaporation and precipitation of water
39
Q

the dynamics of an ecosystem are determined by what 2 factors?

A

ENERGY FLOW AND

CHEMICAL CYCLING

BIOLOGY 1110 pre-midterm (18 decks)

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