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General Biology II > Support > Flashcards

Support Flashcards

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1
Q

what does integument mean?

A

outer body covering

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2
Q

what does cuticle mean?

A

a nonliving layer over the epidermis in some invertebrates

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3
Q

what does calcification mean?

A

addition of calcium carbonate

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4
Q

what does Sclerotization mean?

A

protein cross-linkages

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5
Q

what does keratinization mean?

A

keratin protein accumulation inside upper cells

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6
Q

what does cornified mean?

A

cells that toughen and die

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7
Q

what does osteoblast mean?

A

cells that add bone tissue externally

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8
Q

what does osteoclast mean?

A

cells that remove bone tissue internally

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9
Q

what are the several functions of the integument?

A
  • P-rotection
  • R-espiration
  • E-xcretion
  • P-igmentation
  • T-emperature regulation
  • O-lfactory communication
  • W-ater conservation
  • S-ensory reception
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10
Q

what is the difference between invertebrate and vertebrate integument?

A

invertebrate has a cuticle + vertebrates do not have a cuticle

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11
Q

what’s the difference between epidermis and dermis in vertebrates?

A

epidermis -> several layers on top w/ no blood vessels
dermis -> thicker cell layer with blood vessels that support and nourish the epidermis (located below epidermis)

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12
Q

what are the 3 basic types of skeletons?

A

1) hydrostatic skeleton
2) rigid exoskeleton
3) rigid endoskeleton

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13
Q

What is hydrostatic skeleton?

A

Water filled body cavity; muscle contraction pushes against incompressible body fluid

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14
Q

what animals have a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

roundworms + earthworms

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15
Q

what is a rigid exoskelton?

A

shell + spicules

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16
Q

what animals have a rigid exoskeleton?

A

arthropods + mullosks + sponges

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17
Q

what animals have a rigid endoskeleton?

A

echinoderms + vertebrates

18
Q

what are the functions of the vertebrate endoskeleton?

A
  • Movement
  • Mineral reservoir
  • Support
  • Blood cell production
  • Protection
19
Q

what are the different locations of cartilage in the human body?

A

forms joints, external ear and nose, tracheal rings

20
Q

what is the nature of cartilage with its chondrocytes in relation to nourishment and healing compared to bone tissue?

A

nourished from the outside + cartilage heals slowly

21
Q

what are the 2 types of bone?

A

spongy and compact

22
Q

what is spongy bone?

A

porous for blood cell production

23
Q

what is compact bone?

A

dense for strength

24
Q

what are canaliculi?

A

canals connecting lacunae to distribute nutrients between osteocytes

25
Q

what are lacunae?

A

cavities

26
Q

what are Central haversian canals/osteon canals?

A

blood vessels surrounded by concentric lamellae (layers) of bone

27
Q

what are the 3 basic types of animal movement?

A

1) amoeboid
2) cilia and flagella
3) muscles

28
Q

what are muscle cells or fibers?

A

long, multinucleated cylindrical cell

29
Q

what are fascicles?

A

bundles of muscle fibers

30
Q

what are muscles?

A

bundles of fascicles

31
Q

what is sarcolemma?

A

outer cell membrane

32
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium filled channels adjacent to contracting filaments

33
Q

what are thick myofilaments made up of?

A

myosin

34
Q

what are thin myofilaments made up of?

A

actin

35
Q

what produces rigor mortis?

A
  • at death, Ca2+ leaks from sarcoplasmic reticulum (binding)
  • without ATP production release does not occur (stiffness)
  • stiffness then disappears as tissue disintegrates
36
Q

which kind of respiration has oxygen present?

A

aerobic

37
Q

how many ATP is produced in aerobic respiration?

A

36 ATP

38
Q

how many ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

2 ATP

39
Q

which kind of respiration is more efficient?

A

aerobic

40
Q

which kind of respiration has lactic acid as a by product?

A

anaerobic

General Biology II (16 decks)

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