Support Flashcards
what does integument mean?
outer body covering
what does cuticle mean?
a nonliving layer over the epidermis in some invertebrates
what does calcification mean?
addition of calcium carbonate
what does Sclerotization mean?
protein cross-linkages
what does keratinization mean?
keratin protein accumulation inside upper cells
what does cornified mean?
cells that toughen and die
what does osteoblast mean?
cells that add bone tissue externally
what does osteoclast mean?
cells that remove bone tissue internally
what are the several functions of the integument?
- P-rotection
- R-espiration
- E-xcretion
- P-igmentation
- T-emperature regulation
- O-lfactory communication
- W-ater conservation
- S-ensory reception
what is the difference between invertebrate and vertebrate integument?
invertebrate has a cuticle + vertebrates do not have a cuticle
what’s the difference between epidermis and dermis in vertebrates?
epidermis -> several layers on top w/ no blood vessels
dermis -> thicker cell layer with blood vessels that support and nourish the epidermis (located below epidermis)
what are the 3 basic types of skeletons?
1) hydrostatic skeleton
2) rigid exoskeleton
3) rigid endoskeleton
What is hydrostatic skeleton?
Water filled body cavity; muscle contraction pushes against incompressible body fluid
what animals have a hydrostatic skeleton?
roundworms + earthworms
what is a rigid exoskelton?
shell + spicules
what animals have a rigid exoskeleton?
arthropods + mullosks + sponges
what animals have a rigid endoskeleton?
echinoderms + vertebrates
what are the functions of the vertebrate endoskeleton?
- Movement
- Mineral reservoir
- Support
- Blood cell production
- Protection
what are the different locations of cartilage in the human body?
forms joints, external ear and nose, tracheal rings
what is the nature of cartilage with its chondrocytes in relation to nourishment and healing compared to bone tissue?
nourished from the outside + cartilage heals slowly
what are the 2 types of bone?
spongy and compact
what is spongy bone?
porous for blood cell production
what is compact bone?
dense for strength
what are canaliculi?
canals connecting lacunae to distribute nutrients between osteocytes
what are lacunae?
cavities
what are Central haversian canals/osteon canals?
blood vessels surrounded by concentric lamellae (layers) of bone
what are the 3 basic types of animal movement?
1) amoeboid
2) cilia and flagella
3) muscles
what are muscle cells or fibers?
long, multinucleated cylindrical cell
what are fascicles?
bundles of muscle fibers
what are muscles?
bundles of fascicles
what is sarcolemma?
outer cell membrane
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
calcium filled channels adjacent to contracting filaments
what are thick myofilaments made up of?
myosin
what are thin myofilaments made up of?
actin
what produces rigor mortis?
- at death, Ca2+ leaks from sarcoplasmic reticulum (binding)
- without ATP production release does not occur (stiffness)
- stiffness then disappears as tissue disintegrates
which kind of respiration has oxygen present?
aerobic
how many ATP is produced in aerobic respiration?
36 ATP
how many ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration?
2 ATP
which kind of respiration is more efficient?
aerobic
which kind of respiration has lactic acid as a by product?
anaerobic
