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General Biology II > Ch.8 - Principles of Development > Flashcards

Ch.8 - Principles of Development Flashcards

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1
Q

what is spermatogenesis/oogenesis known as?

A

gamete formation

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2
Q

what was the early fertilization concept (that was wrong)?

A

preformation

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3
Q

what was the early fertilization concept (that was correct)?

A

epigenesis

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4
Q

what is epigenesis?

A

fertilized egg contains raw materials only, that assemble

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5
Q

what is preformation?

A

miniature embryo in gamete(s) “unfolds”

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6
Q

what are the purposes of fertilization?

A

1) genetic diversity
2) restore diploidy
3) activate egg

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7
Q

What is the first step in fertilization?

A

jelly layer penetrated by sperm

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8
Q

what is the second step in fertilization?

A

fusion with vitelline envelope if egg recognition and sperm receptor proteins match

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9
Q

what draws the sperm head in?

A

fertilization cone

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10
Q

what is “fast block”?

A

electrical potential change to vitelline membrane -> blocks other sperm’s fusion

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11
Q

what does the cortical reaction do?

A

lifts vitelline envelope away

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12
Q

what is the “slow block”?

A

vitelline envelope hardens = fertilization membrane

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13
Q

when does the removal of inhibitors to egg metabolism occur?

A

after male and female pronuclei fuse

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14
Q

how are blastomeres made?

A

eggs cleave

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15
Q

what is isolecithal?

A

sparse, evenly distributed yolk

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16
Q

what are examples of isolecithal?

A

mammals, starfish, insects

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17
Q

what is mesolecithal?

A

moderate amount of yolk at one end

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18
Q

what is an example of mesolecithal?

A

amphibians

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19
Q

what is telolecithal?

A

mostly dense yolk; only a disc of cytoplasm on surface divides

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20
Q

what are examples of telolecithal?

A

birds, reptiles, fish

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21
Q

what is holoblastic cleavage?

A

whole egg cleaved (yolk slows but does not prevent it)

22
Q

what has holoblastic cleavage?

A

isolecithal + mesolecithal

23
Q

what is meroblastic?

A

only cytoplasm cleaved (yolk too dense to cleave)

24
Q

what has meroblastic cleavage?

A

telolecithal

25
Q

what is indirect development life cycle?

A

egg – larva – pupa – adult

26
Q

what development has metamorphosis?

A

indirect development

27
Q

what is the direct development life cycle?

A

egg – embryo – adult

28
Q

what is blastula?

A

hollow ball of cells

29
Q

what is blastocoel?

A

blastula’s cavity

30
Q

what is gastrula?

A

invagination - blastula indented

31
Q

what is archenteron?

A

primitive gut

32
Q

what is blastopore?

A

gut’s opening

33
Q

what is a protostome?

A

blastopore forms mouth first

34
Q

what is a deuterostome?

A

blastopore forms anus first

35
Q

what is induction?

A

cells in particular regions of developing embryo determine the developmental response of neighboring cells

36
Q

what is primary organizer?

A

region of dorsal lip of gastrula’s blastopore

37
Q

what is primary induction?

A

event leading to complete embryo

38
Q

what is secondary induction?

A

one tissue induced to differentiate induces another tissue

39
Q

what is homeotic gene?

A

specify the identity of specific body segments

40
Q

what is homeotic mutation?

A

cause development of wrong structures in a given region

41
Q

what is amniote?

A

share an amniotic membrane

42
Q

what are examples of anamionte?

A

fish and amphibians

43
Q

what is amnion?

A

fluid filled; prevents drying; a shock absorber

44
Q

what is yolk sac?

A

provides nourishment

45
Q

what is allantois?

A

stores wastes, with chorion, exchanges gases

46
Q

what does chorion do?

A

with allantois exchanges gases

47
Q

what phyla are protostomes?

A

arthropoda, molluscs, worms

48
Q

what phyla are deuterostomes?

A

chordates, echinodermata

49
Q

what forms external epithelium and nervous system?

A

ectoderm

50
Q

what forms muscle tissue, bone, cartilage, repro system, circulatory system, body cavity lining (peritoneum)?

A

mesoderm

51
Q

what forms lining of digestive system?

A

endoderm

52
Q

what animals are amniote?

A

reptiles, birds, mammals

General Biology II (16 decks)

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