Reproduction Flashcards
What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?
- binary fission
- budding
- gemmulation
- fragmentation
what organisms use binary fission?
protista
what organisms use budding?
hydra
what organisms use gemmulation?
porifera
what organisms use fragmentation?
porifera + sea anemone
what are the 3 disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
- males don’t reproduce
- females pass on only half of genes
- more complex, time + energy consuming
what is the one advantage of sexual reproduction?
increased variability/adaptability
what are the stages of spermatogenesis in order?
1) spermatogonium
2) primary spermatocyte
3) secondary spermatocyte
4) spermatid
5) spermatozoa
what is the ploidy of spermatogonium?
diploid
what is the ploidy of primary spermatocyte?
diploid
what is the ploidy of secondary spermatocyte?
haploid
what is the ploidy of spermatid?
haploid
what is the ploidy of spermatozoa?
haploid
what stage of spermatogenesis is associated with meiosis I?
primary spermatocyte
what stage of spermatogenesis is associated with meiosis II?
secondary spermatocyte
where in the human body does spermatogenesis occur?
in seminiferous tubules of testes
what are the stages of oogenesis in order?
1) oogonium
2) primary oocyte
3) secondary oocyte
4) ootid
5) ovum
what is the ploidy of oogonium?
diploid
what is the ploidy of primary oocyte?
diploid
what is the ploidy of secondary oocyte?
haploid
what is the ploidy of ootid?
haploid
what is the ploidy of ovum?
haploid
where does oogenesis occur in the human body?
in follicles of ovary
In what stage of oogenesis does meiosis I occur?
primary oocyte
In what stage of oogenesis does meiosis II occur?
secondary oocyte
In what stage of oogenesis does polar body occur?
secondary oocyte
For the male, what sexual reproductive process occurs in the testes/seminiferous tubules?
sperm production
For the male, what sexual reproductive process occurs in the epididymis?
sperm maturation
For the male, what sexual reproductive process occurs in the vas deferens?
sperm storage + joins urethra
For the male, what sexual reproductive process occurs in the penis?
accomplishes internal fertilization
For the male, what sexual reproductive process occurs in the seminal vesicles/prostate gland/bulbourethral glands?
energy for sperm (fructose) + counteracts female acidity + liquid medium for sperm
what is semen?
sperm + glandular secretions
For the female, what sexual reproductive process occurs in the ovary?
400,000 primary oocytes at puberty -> only about 400 will be ovulated
For the female, what sexual reproductive process occurs in the oviduct/fallopian tubule/uterine tubule?
- cilia propel egg
- vagina receives sperm
- fertilization occurs in fallopian tubule
For the female, what sexual reproductive process occurs in the uterus?
nourishes implanted embryo
Hypothalamus signals anterior pituitary to produce (day 1-3) what hormones?
FSH + LH + estrogen
what is the role of FSH?
follicle maturation
what is the role of LH?
estrogen from follicles
what is the role of estrogen?
uterus prepared -> endometrial lining thickens
A surge of _____ triggers ovulation.
LH
Ruptured follicle becomes what?
corpus luteum
what hormones does corpus luteum produce?
estrogen and progesterone
What happens when fertilization occurs?
- produces estrogen + progesterone
- inhibits FSH and LH
- placenta eventually produces estrogen and progesterone
What happens when fertilization does not occurs?
- Estrogen and progesterone decline + endometrium shrinks down = menstrual cycle
- FSH and LH no longer inhibited -> cycle begins again
How do birth control pills work with respect to the hormones involved?
- estrogen + progesterone inhibit FSH + LH
- inhibits follicle development and ovulation
