Supervision of Pol-Ch 5, Instructional Process Flashcards
Once teacher selects a subject, information must be gathered, analyzed and arranged so that it may be adapted to 5 step method of teaching
introduction presentation review application test
Instructional objectives that are to be accomplished by a single presentation or a series of lessons must be carefully developed to ascertain what general goals are to be achieved in changing the behavior of the learner in terms of his ulitimate job performance
general objectives
specific goals that are to be achieved in the various segments of the lesson or lessons.
specific objectives
*specific desired changes in behaviors, attitudes or performance that the instructor intends to bring about
As Mager stated “ the instructor must select procedures, content and methods which are relevant to the objectives and cause student to interact with appropriate subject matter in accordance with principles of learning
General and Specific Objectives section
instructor should add the knacks, techniques, tricks of the trade and basic facts that go with each point in the teaching sequence of the lesson plan..
called interest-getters. They give meaing to various points covered..
lesson plan serves mainly as a guide to systematic teaching. It consist of series of notes that enable instructor to recall in organized manner.
Forms section
The process of remembering by association is described by William James in his classical statement, “In mental terms, the more other facts a fact is associated with in the mind, the better possession of it our memory retains.
Learning by Association section
Five steps of teaching
Introduction presentation review application test
This is how teaching begins
the learners attention must be focused on the subject and his interest titillated
Introduction step in the instructional process will perhaps tax the imagination of the teacher more than the other four steps of instruction. This is the step in which the ACID test must be applied
Have I gained ATTENTION
Have I aroused CURIOSITY
Have I stimulated INTEREST
Have I created a DESIRE to learn
This step is either to impart new knowledge or skills to student or refresh his memory about what he once learned but might have forgotten
Presentation
Material in presentation should be presented in an orderly systematic manner by ____,_____,_____ or demonstrating so that learner understands proper procedures and methods of performing task
showing, telling, explaining or demonstrating
An excellent means of tying together the materials in the presentation step
review or summary step.
review following each segment of presentation step ordinarily is desirable to help fix material in learners mind, and should be added after total presentation
learner is provided an opportunity to try out or use under teachers supervision the info he has learned
application
last step in instructional process and consists of evaluation of learners progress
test or follow up
perhaps one of the most commons faults in presenting instructional material arises from
When student suffers by having been exposed to too much and having learned little, it is called
oversimplification- leaving the student the task of drawing a conclusion without adequate facts
Overloading
another common weakness contributing to teaching ineffectiveness is aimlessness
Klapper observes most appropriately, “Aimlessness is the most important single cause of ineffectiveness in teaching and of frustration of educational effort. Failure to plan and organize teaching material properly.
Often, a lack of competency or a failure on part of the supervisor to prepare himself for his training role is the cause of ____
teaching ineffectiveness
Five step method of instruction
Lectures Guest Speakers Role playing and field problems stress management simulations workshops demonstrations
quite often least effective method since it assumes that all members of class progress at same rate; it can be used advantageously if lesson is presented in short sessions
lecture
physiological responses to everyday stressful situations are called
arousal
if the person is properly conditioned by training, his reactions are likely to be ____ and stress will be minimal. if his reactions are ____ and cause distress, they are usually reflections of skill deficiencies
positive, negative
THis procedure is extremely useful for synthesizing a vast amount of info from a variety of sources
group discussions
an instructional technique involving a presentation by specialist with audience participation permitted is called
forum
discussion is between a group of specialist without audience participation, the technique is referred to as a
panel discussion
Well conducted meetings with subordinate personnel provide the supervisor an excellent opportunity for training. They are useful in passing on new information and in solving problems within the organization
staff meeting
the most “mileage” can be gained from staff meetings if the supervisor responsible for their conduct prepares a plan of action
planning section
staff meetings are usaully conducted in one or combination of three ways
democratically- employees participate
autocractically- dictator talks, subordinates listen
training session
responsibility dodger does not dictate, but he does not lead either.
use and misuse of procedures section
questions that are directed to entire group, with the instructor then choosing one student to answer. The type of question is the one most commonly used
overhead questions
Questions asked by one student and relayed by the instructor to another member of group for an answer, and can be useful tool of instruction
relayed
The instructor should avoid using the ____question as a means of evading a response to a question that he is unable to answer. The reverse question is one that the instructor throws back to person who asked it.
relay
Types of teaching aids
- display aids- chalkboard, whiteboard, prepared chart
- duplicated aids- instruction sheets, info sheets,diagrams, charts, illustrations,
- projected aids- projection on screen, powepoint, dvds, webcasts,
- three-dimensional aids- cutaways, mockups, table models, magnetic boards
- electronic media devices-video presentation, driving simlators and FATS
this type of aid is unmatchable in some presentation having to do with police tactics and field operations since it places the learner in a position that simulates those encountered in practice
three-dimentional aids-Flannel and magnetic board
In summary, the instructor must first decide on the ____ and ____ objectives he wishes to accomplish by the instructional process
general and specific
This is where the trainee can talk,listen and compare experiences with others under guidance of experienced personnel can give participants added insight into the perspective and experiences of others.
Workshops and small discussion groups
Instructors and students find relief from the boredom of the pure lecture method when ?
planned demonstrations with actual equipment or implements are used to supplement other teaching techs.
Well suited for simple briefings, for progress briefings or for development of workable plans. Used to disseminate information, to share problems in need of resolution, examine possible solutions, to coordinate the efforts of participants with common concerns.
Conferences
