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Practical 2 > Superficial Heating And Cooling > Flashcards

Superficial Heating And Cooling Flashcards

1
Q

What is temperature?

A
  • Measure of the level of heat
  • Provides energy of motion to molecules
  • Increased molecule = increased motion = increased friction = increased heat
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2
Q

What is therapeutic heating?

A

Transferring heat from an external environment to the body surface which transfers heat to deep tissues and fluids of the body

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3
Q

What three ways is heat transferred by?

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

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4
Q

Describe conduction…

A

Needs direct contact to transfer energy

It’s the kinetic motion of molecules passed from one to another

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5
Q

Describe convection…

A

Bulk movement of heated molecules
Heated molecules move from one place to another
Example: hot pack heats up superficial blood vessels which heats other parts of the body

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6
Q

Describe radiation:

A

Conversion of heat to an electromagnetic radiation
Radiation travels through space
Example: our bodies give off infrared radiation

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7
Q

What does the rate of heat transfer depend on?

A

Difference in temp between two regions
Surface area in contact
Thermal conductivity of materials - ability to give off heat

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8
Q

What is evaporation and why is it important?

A

Change of state of molecule- eg hot to cold
Energy taken from surface tissue to remove heat
Be careful when heating patients because sweat can cause scolds

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9
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Constant body temperature of 37 +/- 2 degrees
Maintained by body surfaces and environment
Requires a balance of heat gai and heat loss
Extremities can differ to -6 degrees less

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10
Q

Temperature across the body depends on:

A 
CNS
hypothalamus 
Behavioural response
Physiological response e.g shiver
Thermoreceptors in skin
Mechanoreceptors - stimulate pain gate
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11
Q

What are the physical effects of higher temperature?

A 
High temp = increased kinetic energy 
Expansion - molecules move further apart
Changes in physical state 
Acceleration of chemical reactions 
Reduction in viscosity of fluids - stickiness
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12
Q

Physical effects depend on:

A

Size of heated area
Depth of absorption
Duration of heating
Methods of application

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13
Q

What are the local physiological effects of high temperature?

A

Increased metabolic rate - increase demand for oxygen and nutrients
Increase blood flow - vasodilation - can lead to oedema - ice in first 72 hours
Reduce joint stiffness
Pain relief
Healing encouraged

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14
Q

What are the methods of superficial heating?

A 
Paraffin wax baths
Hot packs from hydrocollator
Electric heat padS
Infrared lamps
Wheat bags
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15
Q

What temperature is the wax paraffin bath set to

A

Melting point is 54 degrees

Cooled to 45 degrees

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16
Q

How long should the wax bath be applied for

A

15-20 minutes

17
Q

What should you do after wax treatment?

A

Tidy equipment
Dispose wax accordingly
Examine treated area
Document treatment

18
Q

What are hydrocollators?

A

Big water bath with hot packs in
Uses conduction
Heated to 75 degrees
20 minutes treatment or until cool

19
Q

What are the dangers of heating treatment?

A 
Burns
Scolds
Gangrene - with poor circulation
Electric shocks
Overdose
20
Q

What are the contraindications of heating?

A 
Lack of thermal sensation
Impaired circulation
Risk of haemorrhage
Devitalised skin 
Some skin conditions like eczema
21
Q

What is mandatory of heat treatment?

A 
Risk assessment
Informed consent
Check - ask observe and palpate
Check contraindications 
Test thermal sensation
Give warnings of how they should feel
Safe application
Documentation
22
Q

What are the types of cooling treatments?

A 
Cold packs - ice chips 
Cold packs - reusable gel packs
Ice towels
Ice massage
Vaporising sprays 
Cyrocuff orthopaedic
23
Q

What are the physiological effects of cooling?

A
  • Reduced metabolic rate
  • Vasoconstriction for 5-15 mins > vasodilation > Lewis hunting reaction (alternate vasoconstriction and dilation)
  • reduced oedema
  • reduced swelling
  • cold and pain sensation e.g. Numbness - inhibits nerve conduction
  • blood viscosity increased
  • High tone reduced
  • slowed healing
24
Q

When would you use cooling treatments?

A 
To reduce oedema
Reduce bleeding
Recent acute injury or post surgery
Acute inflam
Reduce muscle spasm
Reduce pain
Reduce chronic oedema
25
Q

What are the contraindications for cooling?

A 
Reduce sensation
Peripheral vascular disease
Raynauds
Abnormal blood proteins
Cold uiticana - rash due to histamine release
26
Q

What are the precautions of cooling?

A 
Cardiac disease
Altered bp
Thermal sensation defect
Skins hypersensitivity
Psychological effects
27
Q

What are the dangers of cooling?

A

Ice burns
Bruising
Frostbite

28
Q

What is heat?

A

Form of energy

Measured in joules

Practical 2 (27 decks)

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