Superficial Head, Salivary Gland, Muscles

Question 1

Which animals have a facial lymph node?

Answer 1

Dogs

Question 2

Where is the parotid lymph node located?

Answer 2

Under the cranial border of the parotid salivary gland.

Question 3

The lateral retropharyngeal lymph node is located…

Answer 3

under the caudal border of the parotid salivary gland.

Question 4

The mandibular lymph nodes are ____ to the mandibular salivary gland.

Answer 4

Rostral

Question 5

Where does the external jugular bifurcate?

Answer 5

Just below the level of the mandibular ramus.

Question 6

What does the external jugular branch into?

Answer 6

The maxillary vein and linguofacial vein.

Question 7

What does the linguofacial vein bifurcate into?

Answer 7

The facial vein dorsally and the lingual vein ventrally.

Question 8

The common carotid artery branches into…

Answer 8

The internal and external carotid

Question 9

What are the differences between the internal and external carotid?

Answer 9

The external carotid is larger.

Question 10

The external carotid branches into…

Answer 10

• Occipital artery
• Lingual artery
• Facial artery
• Maxillary artery

Question 11

Where does the maxillary artery pass through?

Answer 11

The alar canal, then enters the maxillary foramen.

Question 12

At what point does the maxillary artery change names? What does it become?

Answer 12

As it enters the maxillary foramen, it becomes the infraorbital artery and exits through the infraorbital foramen.

Question 13

What artery supplies blood to the base of the horn?

Answer 13

The cornual artery.

Question 14

What artery gives rise to the cornual artery?

Answer 14

The superficial temporal artery.

Question 15

What artery is important for equine dentistry?

Answer 15

The palatine artery since it runs along the medial aspect of the teeth.

Question 16

The ____ vein drains the region between the eyes.

Answer 16

Angularis oculi vein.

Question 17

What nerve is responsible for the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 17

The facial nerve.

Question 18

Where is sympathetic stimulation disseminated through the head?

Answer 18

The cranial cervical ganglion.

Question 19

What innervates the nose?

Answer 19

The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve.

Question 20

What innervates the cheeks, tongue, teeth, and chin?

Answer 20

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.

Question 21

What are the functions of the digestive tract?

Answer 21

• Prehension and acceptance of food
• Mechanical reduction
• Chemical digestion
• Absorption of nutrients
• Elimination of wastes

Question 22

Which lip is more variable between species?

Answer 22

The upper lip is more variable, the lower lip is fairly consistent.

Question 23

What species has a rostral disk?

Answer 23

Porcine

Question 24

Which animals have a lot of purposeful movement of the lips?

Answer 24

Ovine and equine

Question 25

What is gape?

Answer 25

How wide the mouth can be opened.

Question 26

What is the clinical significance of an animal's gape?

Answer 26

It can be harder to visualize structures in animals with a smaller gape.

Question 27

Which animals have a large gape and why?

Answer 27

- Dogs: Carnivores need to open their mouths wide to catch prey. - Pigs: Eat greedily so have the ability to get more food in their mouths.

Question 28

What functions is the mouth specialized for?

Answer 28

- Food prehension - Communication - Aggression

Question 29

Which vestibule is absent in bovine?

Answer 29

Labial vestibule since no upper incisive teeth.

Question 30

Herbivores have ____ to protect their cheeks from the coarse materials they eat.

Answer 30

Cornified papillae

Question 31

What is special about mouth mucosa?

Answer 31

It is elastic so it does not form folds as the mouth closes.

Question 32

Birds have beaks instead of lips and therefore do not have...

Answer 32

vestibules.

Question 33

What is the rostral opening on the roof of a bird's mouth?

Answer 33

Choana

Question 34

What is the more caudal opening on the roof of a bird's mouth?

Answer 34

Infundibular opening - connects to the auditory tubes.

Question 35

What are the functions of salivary glands?

Answer 35

- Produces saliva. - Moistens and cleanse the mouth. - Facilitates mastication. - Lubricates passage of food. - Contains digestive enzymes (amylase).

Question 36

The production of saliva is ...

Answer 36

continuous but the rate is influenced by sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation.

Question 37

Monostomatic vs polystomatic?

Answer 37

Mono = one duct Poly = many ducts

Question 38

Horses have what type of sublingual gland?

Answer 38

Only polystomatic - no monostomatic portion.

Question 39

What are the dorsal buccal glands called in carnivores?

Answer 39

Zygomatic glands.

Question 40

The muscles of mastication are supplied by what nerve?

Answer 40

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.

Question 41

What muscles close the jaw?

Answer 41

- Masseter - Temporalis - Pterygoideus (medial and lateral)

Question 42

What muscles open the jaw?

Answer 42

- Digastricus

Question 43

What is a characteristic of the TMJ?

Answer 43

An articular disk made of fibrocartilage that separates the joint into two cavities.

Question 44

What muscle attaches to the articular disk of the TMJ?

Answer 44

Lateral pterygoid

Question 45

In what animals is the articular disk more significant?

Answer 45

Herbivores due to jaw rotation.

Question 46

What animals do not have a fused intermandibular joint? What is the function?

Answer 46

- Cows - Dogs - Sheep To allow the jaw and teeth position to shift while eating.

Question 47

What is the occlusal plane?

Answer 47

The average plane established by the incisal and occlusal surfaces of the teeth.

Question 48

How does the position of the TMJ and occlusal plane affect how the jaw closes?

Answer 48

Closer together = more of a scissor motion (dogs) Farther apart = more of a hammer motion, all teeth come together at the same time (cows)