Superficial Head, Salivary Gland, Muscles Flashcards
Which animals have a facial lymph node?
Dogs
Where is the parotid lymph node located?
Under the cranial border of the parotid salivary gland.
The lateral retropharyngeal lymph node is located…
under the caudal border of the parotid salivary gland.
The mandibular lymph nodes are ____ to the mandibular salivary gland.
Rostral
Where does the external jugular bifurcate?
Just below the level of the mandibular ramus.
What does the external jugular branch into?
The maxillary vein and linguofacial vein.
What does the linguofacial vein bifurcate into?
The facial vein dorsally and the lingual vein ventrally.
The common carotid artery branches into…
The internal and external carotid
What are the differences between the internal and external carotid?
The external carotid is larger.
The external carotid branches into…
- Occipital artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Maxillary artery
Where does the maxillary artery pass through?
The alar canal, then enters the maxillary foramen.
At what point does the maxillary artery change names? What does it become?
As it enters the maxillary foramen, it becomes the infraorbital artery and exits through the infraorbital foramen.
What artery supplies blood to the base of the horn?
The cornual artery.
What artery gives rise to the cornual artery?
The superficial temporal artery.
What artery is important for equine dentistry?
The palatine artery since it runs along the medial aspect of the teeth.
The ____ vein drains the region between the eyes.
Angularis oculi vein.
What nerve is responsible for the muscles of facial expression?
The facial nerve.
Where is sympathetic stimulation disseminated through the head?
The cranial cervical ganglion.
What innervates the nose?
The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve.
What innervates the cheeks, tongue, teeth, and chin?
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
What are the functions of the digestive tract?
- Prehension and acceptance of food
- Mechanical reduction
- Chemical digestion
- Absorption of nutrients
- Elimination of wastes
Which lip is more variable between species?
The upper lip is more variable, the lower lip is fairly consistent.
What species has a rostral disk?
Porcine
Which animals have a lot of purposeful movement of the lips?
Ovine and equine
What is gape?
How wide the mouth can be opened.
What is the clinical significance of an animal’s gape?
It can be harder to visualize structures in animals with a smaller gape.
Which animals have a large gape and why?
- Dogs: Carnivores need to open their mouths wide to catch prey.
- Pigs: Eat greedily so have the ability to get more food in their mouths.
What functions is the mouth specialized for?
- Food prehension
- Communication
- Aggression
Which vestibule is absent in bovine?
Labial vestibule since no upper incisive teeth.
Herbivores have ____ to protect their cheeks from the coarse materials they eat.
Cornified papillae
What is special about mouth mucosa?
It is elastic so it does not form folds as the mouth closes.
Birds have beaks instead of lips and therefore do not have…
vestibules.
What is the rostral opening on the roof of a bird’s mouth?
Choana
What is the more caudal opening on the roof of a bird’s mouth?
Infundibular opening - connects to the auditory tubes.
What are the functions of salivary glands?
- Produces saliva.
- Moistens and cleanse the mouth.
- Facilitates mastication.
- Lubricates passage of food.
- Contains digestive enzymes (amylase).
The production of saliva is …
continuous but the rate is influenced by sympathetic/parasympathetic stimulation.
Monostomatic vs polystomatic?
Mono = one duct
Poly = many ducts
Horses have what type of sublingual gland?
Only polystomatic - no monostomatic portion.
What are the dorsal buccal glands called in carnivores?
Zygomatic glands.
The muscles of mastication are supplied by what nerve?
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
What muscles close the jaw?
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Pterygoideus (medial and lateral)
What muscles open the jaw?
- Digastricus
What is a characteristic of the TMJ?
An articular disk made of fibrocartilage that separates the joint into two cavities.
What muscle attaches to the articular disk of the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid
In what animals is the articular disk more significant?
Herbivores due to jaw rotation.
What animals do not have a fused intermandibular joint? What is the function?
- Cows
- Dogs
- Sheep
To allow the jaw and teeth position to shift while eating.
What is the occlusal plane?
The average plane established by the incisal and occlusal surfaces of the teeth.
How does the position of the TMJ and occlusal plane affect how the jaw closes?
Closer together = more of a scissor motion (dogs)
Farther apart = more of a hammer motion, all teeth come together at the same time (cows)
