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Anatomy > Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do mammals have?

A

7

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2
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do avians have?

A

8-25

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3
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do dogs have?

A

13

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4
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do horses have?

A

18

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5
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do cows have?

A

13

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6
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do pigs have?

A

14-16

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7
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do dogs have?

A

7

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8
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do horses have?

A

5-6

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9
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do cows have?

A

6

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10
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do sheep have?

A

6-7

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11
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do pigs have?

A

6-7

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12
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do dogs have?

A

3

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13
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do horses have?

A

5

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14
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do cows have?

A

5

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15
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do sheep/goats have?

A

4 sheep
5 goats

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16
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do pigs have?

A

4

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17
Q

How many caudal vertebrae do dogs have?

A

20-23

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18
Q

How many caudal vertebrae do horses have?

A

20

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19
Q

How many caudal vertebrae do bovine have?

A

18-20

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20
Q

How many caudal vertebrae do sheep have?

A

16-18

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21
Q

How many caudal vertebrae do pigs have?

A

20-23

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22
Q

How many caudal vertebrae do avians have?

A

5-6

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23
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do avians have?

A

3-10

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24
Q

What is the shape of the caudal thoracic vertebrae to the tail?

A

A straight horizontal line (generally)

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25
Q

What is the shape created by the thoracic vertebrae?

A

A downward slope.

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26
Q

Why is the downward slope in the thoracic vertebrae not visible?

A

Due to the hight of the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae.

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27
Q

How does the shape of the sternum vary?

A
  • Cylindrical in dogs
  • Wide/flat in ruminants
  • Ventral keel in equine
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28
Q

How many articulations do ribs make with the vertebral column?

A

2

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29
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

1) Protection of spinal cord
2) Weight bearing + muscle insertion
3) Locomotion

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30
Q

What animal has the spinal column very involved in locomotion?

A

Cats - flexibility of vertebral column is involved in motion

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31
Q

What is the motion allowed in the cervical region of the spine?

A
  • Mainly flexion/extension
  • Some lateral movement
  • No rotation (except in C1/C2 joint)
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32
Q

What is the motion allowed in the thoracic region of the spine?

A
  • Lots of axial rotation
  • Flexion/extension in all directions
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33
Q

What is the motion allowed in the lumbar region of the spine?

A
  • Mainly medial/lateral flexion/extension
  • Some dorsal/ventral
  • Little axial rotation
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34
Q

What are characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Short spinous process
  • Branching transverse process
  • Articular processes mainly in dorsal/ventral plane to allow flexion and extension
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35
Q

What animals have more rotation in their cervical region?

A

Birds due to having more cervical vertebrae

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35
Q

What vertebrae does not have a body?

A

Atlas (C1)

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35
Q

The ____ of the atlas interact with the ____ of the skull.

A

Indentations, occipital condyles

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35
Q

Which animals lack a transverse foramen in their atlas?

A

Cows, pigs, and sheep.

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36
Q

What is the dens?

A

A spout projection of C2 that fits against the ventral part of C1.

It is embryonically a portion of C1 that has fused with C2.

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37
Q

Where does the axial rotation of the head come from?

A

The joint between atlas and axis.

38
Q

What are the features of thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • Long spinous process
  • Stubby transverse processes
  • Costal facets for rib articulation
39
Q

What is the function of tall spinous processes in thoracic vertebrae?

A

More muscle action

40
Q

How does costal cartilage change with age?

A

More flexible in younger animals.

41
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

The most cranial sternebra.

42
Q

How does the shape of the manubrium vary between species?

A
  • Rod shaped in dogs/cats
  • Laterally compressed in large species
43
Q

Which vertebrae are most variable between species?

A

Lumbar

44
Q

What are the features of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Short spinous processes, long flat transverse processes, longer body

45
Q

The sacral vertebrae form the…

A

Dorsal wall of the pelvic cavity.

46
Q

How can the number of fused sacral vertebrae be determined?

A
  • If spinous processes are visible, the number of spinous processes
  • Sacral foramen
47
Q

What are features of caudal vertebrae?

A
  • Appear like smaller lumbar vertebrae but become more rod-like as they progress caudally
  • Hemal arch (chevron) -ventral structure that protects the caudal artery, not present in all species
48
Q

What is a feature of the avian pelvis?

A

The pubic bones are not fused.

49
Q

Which animals do not have an acromion?

A

Pigs and horses

50
Q

Which species has an intermediate tubercle?

A

Equine

51
Q

What is the order of metacarpal bones?

A

1 is most medial

52
Q

What species has an enlarged medial condyle of the femur?

A

Equine - part of passive stay

53
Q

What does the word girdle refer to?

A

Structures attaching the limbs to the axial skeleton

54
Q

The ____ has no bony articulation with the axial skeleton.

A

Forelimb

55
Q

The pectoral girdle is designed for…

A

range of motion

56
Q

The pelvic girdle is designed for…

A

propulsion.

57
Q

What bone is absent in most domestic species?

A

The clavicle, it can be present as a small rod in dogs/cats (more often in cats)

58
Q

What is the hamate process?

A

A fold of bone coming off the acromion. Seen in dogs and cats.

59
Q

What animals have a suprahamate?

A

Cats

60
Q

How much motion is there in the sacroiliac joint?

A

Not much

61
Q

The flexion surface of the femur and humerus are…

A

in opposite directions.

62
Q

Larger “bumps” on bones allow for…

A

stronger muscle attachment.

63
Q

How does the greater trochanter vary between species?

A
  • Roughly at the same level of the head of femur in dogs.
  • The greater trochanter is taller than the head of femur in horses and cows.
64
Q

The ___ has a constant diameter while the ___ thins distally.

A

The radius has a constant diameter while the ulna thins distally.

65
Q

What is the main weight bearing bone?

A

Tibia

66
Q

What becomes the main weight bearing bone in larger species?

A

The radius due to fusion with the ulna.

67
Q

The fibula is reduced in…

A

cows and horses.

68
Q

What animal has the most complete skeleton of carpal bones?

A

Pigs

69
Q

Which metacarpal is most commonly lost?

A

1

70
Q

How many rows of carpals and tarsals?

A

Carpals = 2 rows
Tarsals = 3 rows

71
Q

Small animals may have an additional…

A

acetabular bone.

72
Q

What contributes to the acetabulum?

A

The ilium, ischium and pubis all contribute.

73
Q

In large animals, ilium brings the sacroiliac joint more…

A

above hip joint so weight of the trunk is more focused on the hip.

74
Q

The girdle dimensions are more important in species that…

A

carry a single large offspring.

75
Q

Reduction of the ulna is greatest in what animal?

A

Horse

76
Q

Most movement in the forelimb occurs at

A

the antebrachio-carpal level.

77
Q

There is virtually no movement at…

A

the carpometacarpal level or between neighbouring bones in a row.

78
Q

Less metacarpal bones is associated with…

A

increased thickness of the remaining metacarpal bones.

79
Q

What is the dewclaw?

A

The 1st digit in dogs/cats which is non-functional.

80
Q

What are the functions of a skeleton?

A
  • Mechanical - Protection, passive support (muscles = active support), motion
  • Physiological - Homeostasis, hematopoesis (marrow produces blood cells)
81
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A

1) Intramembranous
* Grows directly in connective tissue
* Bones grow in response to underlying soft tissue
* Most cranial bones, clavicle, scapula
2) Endochondral
* Template of cartilage ossifies
* Centers of ossification -where cartilage cells calcify
* Growth plates allow bone to grow
* Some cranial bones

82
Q

What is the diagnostic value of growth plates?

A

Reveals approx age in X-ray based on when growth plates fuse.

83
Q

What are the cons of endochondral bone growth?

A

Growth plates are weaker than bone, takes longer than intramembranous.

84
Q

What are the different stances?

A

Plantigrade: walk on full length of foot (to tarsals)(humans, bears)
Digitigrade: walk on all digits (dogs, cats)
Unguligrade: walking on hooves (ruminants, horses)(horses most extreme)

85
Q

How is stance related to function?

A

Plantigrade = stability
Unguligrade = running more efficient (longer strides)

86
Q

The distal surface of the talus is flattened in…

A

horses.

87
Q

What is the difference between metatarsals and metacarpals?

A

Metatarsals are 20% longer than metacarpals and more rounded in cross-section.

88
Q

Which carpal bones are fused in canines?

A

Radial and intermediate

89
Q

Which carpal bones are fused in equines?

A

1+2

90
Q

Which carpal bones are fused in bovine?

A

2+3, there is no carpal 1

91
Q

Which carpal bones are fused in porcine?

A

None

92
Q

Which tarsal bones are fused in canines?

A

None

93
Q

Which animals have the same number of tarsal bones?

A

Dogs and pigs.

94
Q

Which tarsal bones are fused in equines?

A

1+2

95
Q

Which carpal bones are fused in bovines?

A

2+3

Anatomy (41 decks)

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