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Anatomy > Ruminant GI Tract > Flashcards

Ruminant GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately how much space in the abdominal cavity does the rumen and reticulum take up in a cow?

A

Rumen: 80%
Reticulum: 5%

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2
Q

What is the difference between a concentrate selector and a grass-roughage eater?

A

Concentrate selectors eat faster growing plants that are easier to digest because they have more frequent and faster rumen contractions.
Grass-roughage eaters eat tougher foods that take longer to digest

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3
Q

What is the function of the esophageal groove?

A

It allows liquid to bypass the rumen and go straight into the reticulum. This is important in neonates who drink milk and adults that are dehydrated

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4
Q

What is the insula ruminis located between?

A

The longitudinal fold

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5
Q

What part of the rumen does a bolus of food first go into from the esophagus?

A

Atrium ruminis

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6
Q

List all the sacs within the cow rumen

A

Cranial sac
Dorsal sac
Ventral sac
Caudodorsal blind sac
Caudoventral blind sac

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7
Q

Which pillars (folds) separate the caudodorsal and caudoventral blind sacs?

A

Dorsal and ventral coronary pillars respectively. The caudal fold runs between the sacs

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8
Q

Which sac is greatly reduced in sheep?

A

Caudodorsal blind sac

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9
Q

What is the structure that divides the cranial sac of the rumen and the reticulum called?

A

Ruminoreticular groove

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10
Q

Which structures are located on the left and right side of the cow?

A

Rumen - left
Reticulum - left
Omasum - right
Abomasum - mostly right/ventral midline

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11
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ruminant GI tract?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What is the function of papillae in the rumen?

A

Greater surface area for efficient digestion

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13
Q

What can happen in the reticulum if the cow eats wire or nails?

A

The foreign objects can become trapped within the deep pockets that line the reticulum and contractions can cause perforations that lead to TRP (traumatic reticular peritonitis)

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14
Q

How much abdominal volume does the omasum take up in roughage eaters? What about concentrate selectors?

A

Roughage eaters - 8%
Concentrate selectors - 4%

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15
Q

Where do the folds within the omasum originate?

A

From the greater curvature

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16
Q

What is the structure called that connects the reticulum and the omasum?

A

Reticulo-omasal orifice

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17
Q

What does the omasal canal connect to?

A

Omasoabomasal orifice

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18
Q

What is the abomasum?

A

The glandular stomach (true stomach) that secretes digestive enzymes

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19
Q

What is the large structure in the pylorus called (right before it becomes the duodenum)?

A

Torus pyloricus

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20
Q

What happens to the stomach contents when it enters to omasum?

A

Liquid is extracted and material becomes very dry

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21
Q

What issue can arise with dry material in the omasum?

A

An omasum impaction. Especially when it is cold, rough feed like straw can become stuck and cause an impaction that spreads into the rumen. not good

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22
Q

What structures does the abomasum poke out between on the left side?

A

Reticulum and ventral sac of rumen

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23
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the lesser omentum?

A

Origin: lesser curvature of abomasum
Insertion: Liver

24
Q

Which side of the cow does the duodenum go up?

A

The right side, then turns and goes caudally

25
Q

How is the spleen positioned in the cow abdomen?

A

It’s on the left dorsal side of the rumen NOT within the greater omentum. The dorsal part of the spleen is also under the retroperitoneal adhesion and attaches to abdominal wall

26
Q

Which arteries branch off the celiac artery?

A

Splenic
Left gastric
Hepatic

27
Q

What does the right rumenal artery branch from?

A

Splenic a.

28
Q

What does the left rumenal artery branch from?

A

Splenic a.

29
Q

What does the reticular artery branch from?

A

Left rumenal a.

30
Q

What does the left gastric artery branch from and then branch into?

A

From: Celiac a.
To: left gastroepiploic a.

31
Q

Which grooves does the right rumenal artery run through?

A

Runs through the right longitudinal groove to the caudal groove

32
Q

Which groove does the reticular artery run through?

A

The ruminoreticular groove

33
Q

Which artery supplies the esophagus?

A

Reticular artery

34
Q

What does the gastroduodenal a. branch from and branch into?

A

From: hepatic
To: right gastroepiploic

35
Q

What does the right gastric artery branch from?

A

Hepatic a.

36
Q

Which groove does the left rumenal artery run through?

A

Cranial groove and left longitudinal groove

37
Q

Which two nerve branches supply the ruminant GI tract?

A

Dorsal vagus
Ventral vagus

38
Q

Which structures does the dorsal vagus innervate?

A

Rumen, omasum, and abomasum

39
Q

Which structures does the ventral vagus innervate?

A

Reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

40
Q

What issue can TRP (traumatic reticuloperitonitis) cause?

A

Vagal indigestion - Extensive inflammation can disrupt the ventral vagus nerve and cause a lack of function

41
Q

What does the descending duodenum lie within?

A

The greater omentum and then fuses with mesoduodenum

42
Q

Which omentum covers the omasum?

A

Lesser omentum

43
Q

Which sacs of the rumen lie within the omental bursa?

A

Ventral sac and ventral blind sac

44
Q

What is the omental bursa?

A

The space between the superficial and deep layers of the greater omentum

45
Q

Which structure takes up most of the abdominal cavity in neonates?

A

Abomasum - No need for rumen when still on milk

46
Q

What does the superficial layer of the greater omentum come from and attach to?

A

Comes from the left longitudinal groove, attaches on the greater curvature of the abomasum, and then inserts on the mesoduodenum

47
Q

What does the deep layer of the greater omentum come from and attach to?

A

Comes from the right longitudinal groove and inserts on the mesoduodenum

48
Q

What lies within the supraomental recess?

A

Intestines

49
Q

What is the mesentery called that the jejunum is attached to?

A

Great mesentery

50
Q

How many rotations are there in the cow ascending colon?

A

2

51
Q

What is the mesentery of the ascending colon fused to?

A

Left surface of great mesentery

52
Q

What are the two sections of the ascending colon?

A

Centripetal
Centrifugal

53
Q

Which part of the ascending colon runs more inside?

A

Centripetal

54
Q

Which part of the ascending colon runs closest to the outside (nearer to the jejunum)?

A

Centrifugal

55
Q

What is the flexure of the ascending colon called that comes right after the cecum and before the centripetal colon?

A

Sigmoidal flexure (S-shaped)

56
Q

Where is the descending colon located?

A

On the right face of the dorsal sac of rumen

57
Q

How can a surgeon get through the greater omentum when doing abdominal surgery?

A

The edge of the greater omentum can be moved cranially for easy access to intestines within the supraomental recess to avoid cutting through it

Anatomy (41 decks)

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