substitution mutation mechanisms

Question 1

favored tautomer of adenine

unfavored tautomer of adenine

Answer 1

amino

imino

Question 2

favored tautomer of guanine

unfavored fautomer of guanine

Answer 2

keto/amino

enol/amino or enol/imino

Question 3

favored tautomer of cytosine

unfavored tautomer cytosine

Answer 3

amino

imino

Question 4

favored tautomer of thymine

unfavored tautomer of thymine

Answer 4

keto

enol

Question 5

DNA is not always double stranded:

• every time DNA is single stranded, nulceotides can isomerize, this can happen during
  

Answer 5

• • DNA replication
    
    • transcription
    • DNA damage repair
    • breathing

Question 6

transition mutation

transverion mutation

Answer 6

purine still base pairs with pyrimidines and vice versa

purine pairs with purine ; pyrimidine pairs with pyrimidine

Question 7

how does a transition mutation take place

Answer 7

one of the base pairs needs to be in unfavored tautomer

Question 8

how does a transversion mutation take place

Answer 8

both bases need to be in unfavored conformation

Question 9

how does DNA Self-Depurination contribute to mutation and disease

Answer 9

Guanine depurinates leaving an apurinic site

Question 10

what mutation mechanisms involve changes in H-bonds

Answer 10

base analogs

unfavored isomers

alkylating agents

ionizing radiation

Question 11

what mutation mechanisms invovle structural roadblocks

Answer 11

self-depurination

UV light

adducts

intercalators