nutrition and diet Flashcards
- nutrition:
- how food nourishes our bodies ( ____ and ____ )
- how food influcences our health ( ____ and ____ )
- diet:
- the food or foodstuff is the particular food that is ____
- ____ are chemically defined components of food required by the body
- the science of food interaction with body
- growth and function
- obesity and malnutrition
- is the total of all the foods and drinks ingested by an individual
- ingested
- nutrients
- wellness:
- ____ , ____ , and ____ health
- critical components of wellness
- nutrition can prevent disease
- nutrient deficiency diseases: ____ and ____
- diseases influenced by nutrition: chronic diseases such as ____ ____
- diseases in which nutrition plays a role: ____ and ____
- the absence of disease
- physical, emotional, and spiritual health
- nutrition
- physical activity
- nutrition
- scurvy and rickets
- heart disease
- osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
- scurvy and rickets
- macronutrients:
- provide ____ to our bodies and building blocks
- ____ , ____ , and ____
- micronutrients:
- body/biological ____
- ____ and ____
- nutrients required in relatively large amounts
- energy
- carbs, fats (and oils), and proteins
- nutrients required in smaller amounts
- functions
- vitamins and minerals
carbs and fats are the main ____ sources
carbs are ____ source
fats are energy ____
proteins are used for structure and are ____ energy resort
energy
first
storage
last
carbs provide ____ kcal per gram
carbs are found in ____ (wheat and rice), ____ , ____ , and ____
carbs must be broken down from di-, oligo-, and polysacchardies into ____
4
grains, vegetables, fruits, and legumes
monosaccharides
fiber
is a carb that is indigestible by the human gut, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and beta-glucan
fiber is present in unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits
fiber’s main role is to
regulate gut motility and transit
upon intake, carbohydrates undergo hydrolysis by enzymes:
- ____-____ : cleaves and hydrolyzes 1,4 glycosidic bonds on the polysaccharide at random
- ____-____ : cleaves and hydrolyzes 1,4 glycosidic bonds but in an orderly fashion cutting disaccharides maltose units one by one from the none reducing end of a chain
- ____ ____ : glucosidases
- alpha-amylase
- beta-amylase
- debranching enzymes
the glycemic index provides quantitative and handling of carbohydrate-containing foods:
is a system of ranking of the carbohydrate-containing foods according to the degree of increase in ____ ____ that takes place after their ingestion
the comparison is based on the ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) for the tesetd nutrient and glucose
blood glucose
glycemic index (GI) =
low GI =
moderate GI =
high GI =
(AUC tested nutrient/AUC glucose) * 100
0-55
56-69
greater than 69
fats provide ____ kcal per gram
are most important nutrient for energy ____
fats are divided into ____ and ____
lipids in foods must be hydrolyzed into smaller components before they can be absorbed into the blood/lymph, this is accomplished by ____
7-9
storage
saturated and unsaturated
lipases
proteins:
- can supply ____ kcal of energy per gram
- last ____ energy substrate
- are important for:
- building ____ and tissues
- maintaining ____
- repairing ____
- regulating ____
- due to the different composition of animal and plant proteins, eating no animal products at all may lead to nutrient deficiencies, such as those of vitamin ____ , ____ , ____ , and ____
- 4
- resort
- cells
- bones
- damage
- metabolism
- cells
- B12, calcium, iron, and zinc
proteins:
- digestion of dietary proteins begins with ____ which denatures proteins
- denatured proteins are hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes in the stomach by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds by the following enzymes
- cooking
- pepsin
- chymotrypsin
- trypsin
- carboxypeptidase
- pepsin
essential (limiting) nutrients are these that cannot by ____ in the body
essential nutrients include essential amino acids, essential fatty acids (EFA), and some vitamins and trace elements, carbs are ____ essential nutrient s
synthesized
NOT
vitamins are organic molecules that assist in ____ body processes
vitamins are micronutrients that do not supply ____ to our bodies
which vitamins can be stored in our bodies?
which vitamins need to be taken in everyday?
regulating
energy
fat-soluble
water-soluble
minerals:
minerals include:
minerals have many different functions such as:
inorganic substances required for body processes
sodium, calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium
fluid regulation, bone structure, muscle movement, and nerve functioning
our bodies require at least 100 mg/day of the major minerals such as:
our bodies require less than 100 mg/day of the trace minerals such as:
sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus
iron, zinc, copper, iodine, and fluoride
water is a critical ____ for health and survival
nutrient
healthy eating:
____ intake of dairy is recommended
fish, poultry, legumes, nuts, and yogurt are healthy sources of ____
vegetable cooking oils (olive) are ____ fats as opposed to saturated and trans fats
moderate
proteins
healthy
regulation of food intake on the body level:
- stomach secretes ____
- pancreas secretes ____
- adipose tissue secretes ____
- these all act on the hypothalamus to increase or decrease food ____
- ghrelin
- insulin
- lepttin
- intake
regulation of food intake on the cellular level:
- normal adipocytes secrete
- leptin =
- adiponectin =
- obese person adipocytes can secrete the wrong signals
- decreases food intake
- anti-inflammatory actions
- decreases food intake
kilocalorie
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree celsius
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
60% of daily energy expenditure at rest
energy involved in normal body functions (e.g. cardiac function, ions pumps, etc.) and primarily depends on body weight
BMR = 24 x body weight in kg
kcal/day
daily energy expenditure =
activity factor x BMR
activity factor for a sedendtary person =
activity factor for a moderately active person =
activity factor for a very active person =
to lose .45 kg (1 pound) a person must expend ____ calories more than are consumed
- 3
- 5
- 7
3500
estimated average requirement (EAR)
average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of half of the people in a particular category
used to determine the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of a nutrient
recommended dietary allowance (RDAs)
average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category
adequate intake (AI)
tolerable upper intake level (UL)
recommended average daily intake for a nutrient (minimum)
highest average daily intake level that is not likely to have adverse effects on the health of most people
estimated energy requirement (EER)
acceptable macronutrient distrubution ranges (AMDR)
average dietary energy intake (kal) to maintain energy balance
describe the portion of the energy intake that should come from each macronutrient
BMI =
normal BMI
overweight BMI
obese BMI
morbidly obese BMI
weight/height
<25
25-30
30-39
greater than 40
BMI is not always equivalent to
BMI is the most widely used method to gauge ____
increased body weight
obesity
other approaches to measure obesity
anthropometry (skin fold)
densitometry (underwater weighing)
computed tomography (CT)
MRI
malnutrition:
- cellular imbalance between the supply of ____ and ____ and the body’s demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions
- comes from
- ____ (under nutrition)
- ____ (over nutrition)
- ____ (vitamints, minerals ,etc. )
under nutrition:
- growth failure
- acute malnutrition wasting or nutritional edema
- chronic malnutrition stunting/poor cognitive development
- acute and/or chronic malnutrition underweight
- micronutrient malnutrition
- nutrients and energy
- deficiency
- excess
- imbalance
- deficiency
marasmus:
- example of ____ - ____ malnutrition
- rapid deterioration in nutritional status in a short time can lead to marasmus, one form of ____ malnutrition
- most common form of acute malnutrition in nutritional emergencies and its its severe form can very quickly to ____ if untreated
- characterized by severe wasting of ____ and ____ in which the body breaks down to make energy
- can affect both ____ and ____
- protein - calorie
- acute
- death
- fat and muscle
- children and adults
cachexia:
- occurs in ____ patients
- predominant loss of ____ and might be life threatening
- characterized by ____ and ____ protein breakdown that occurs earlier than in common protein malnutrition due to increased muscle catabolism and reduced muscle protein synthesis
- characterized by increased activity of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a , interferon-y, and IL-6; stimulates NFkB pathway which leads to increased protein degradation through ____ ____ pathway
- cancer
- muscle
- anorexia and muscle
- ubiquitin proteasome
