amino acid metabolism II - synthesis

Question 1

what intermediate molecules from glycolysis are used to synthesize amino acids

Answer 1

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoenolpyruvate

pyruvate

Question 2

what intermediate molecules from TCA cycle are used to synthesize amino acids

Answer 2

a-ketoglutarate

oxaloacetate

Question 3

what intermediate molecules from PPP are used to synthesize amino acids

Answer 3

ribose-5-phosphate

erythrose-5-phosphate

Question 4

transamination reactions:

pyruvate/alanine exchange by

Answer 4

ALT

(alanine aminotransferase)

Question 5

transamination reactions:

OAA/aspartate exchange by

Answer 5

AST

(aspartate aminotransferase)

Question 6

transamination reactions:

a-ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange by

Answer 6

glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 7

aspartate fate: glutamine donates an ____ to aspartate to form ____ ( via ____ ____ )

Answer 7

NH3 asparagine asparagine synthetase

Question 8

glutamate fate: glutamine is used to transport free ____ to the liver in a non-toxic form

Answer 8

NH4+

Question 9

glutamate → ____ via glutamine synthease

Answer 9

glutamine

Question 10

glutamine synthesis regulation:

• feedforward activation
  
  • ____ and ____ maintain PII-UMP
  • PII-UMP associates with ____ to ____ glutamine synthetase
  • glutamine synthetase is ____
• feedback inhibtion
  
  • ____ maintains PII
  • PII associates with ____ to ____ glutamine synthetase
  • glutamine synthetase-AMP is ____

Answer 10

• feedfoward activation
  
  • a-ketoglutarate and ATP
  • AT to deadenylylate
  • active
• feedback inhibition
  
  • glutamine
  • AT to adenylylate
  • inactive

Question 11

glutamate fate: after a couple reductions and a cyclization, ____ is formed

Answer 11

proline

Question 12

3-phosphoglycerate can be used to form ____

with help from vitamins B6 and B12 serine can be used to form ____

serine can be converted to ____ through a homocysteine intermediate

Answer 12

serine

glycine

cysteine

Question 13

____ is a catabolic intermediate of phenylalanine

Answer 13

tyrosine

Question 14

uses of amino acids

Answer 14

polypeptides, activated carriers, antioxidants, precursors of other macromolecules, signaling molecules, regulatory molecules, neurotransmitters, pigments, polyamines

Question 15

heme is a ____ derivative

Answer 15

glycine

Question 16

glutamate-derived molecules:

Answer 16

• glutathione is an antioxidant
• polyamines stabilize DNA
• GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter (glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter)

Question 17

arginine-derived molecules:

• *

Answer 17

• NO is a free radical
• creatine phosphate

Question 18

SAM is the primary ____ donor in cell

Answer 18

methyl

Question 19

histidine is decarboxylated with the help of pyridoxal phosphate to form ____

functions of histamine

• promotes secretion of ____ and ____ in the stomach
• ____ at site of trauma/allergic reaction
• ____
• antihistamines are ____ ____

Answer 19

histamine

• HCl and pepsin
• vasodilation
• neurotransmission
• competitive inhibitors

Question 20

a tryptophan-derived molecule is ____ which is a neurotransmitter and is a precursor for ____

Answer 20

serotonin

melatonin

Question 21

tyrosine-derived molecules:

• ____ be used to create hormones and pigments
• ____/____
  
  • ____ is the stress hormone
  • ____ is a neurotransmitter
• ____ signaling abnormalities are hallmarks are parkinson’s
• dopaquinone is processed to form ____ ____

Answer 21

• L-dopa
• catecholamines/hormones
  
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
• dopamine
• melanin pigments