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Biochemistry > carbohydrate structure > Flashcards

carbohydrate structure Flashcards

1
Q

constitutional isomers

A

order of atoms change

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2
Q

constitutional isomers are

A

tautomers

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3
Q

fisher projections are

A

linear versions of carbohydrates

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4
Q

stereoisomers

A

have the same connectivity but different spatial organizations

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5
Q

types of stereoisomers

A

configurational isomers and conformational isomers

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6
Q

configurational isomers

A

have chiral carbons

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7
Q

types of configurational isomers

A

diastereomers and enantiomers

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8
Q

enantiomers

A

are mirror images at all chiral centers

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9
Q

diastereomers

A

have multiple chiral centers; not all chiral carbons are mirror images

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10
Q

D/L nomenclature is determined by

A

direction of last chiral carbon’s -OH group

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11
Q

haworth projections

A

are the cyclical versions of carbohydrates

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12
Q

steps to convert from fisher to haworth projections

A
  1. choose ring
  2. the carbonyl carbon goes 1 position clockwise from the oxygen
  3. number carbons clockwise
  4. the =O becomes OH, and UP is beta while DOWN is alpha
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13
Q

types of diastereomers

A

epimers and anomers

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14
Q

anomers differ at

A

the anomeric carbon only (i.e. alpha vs. beta)

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15
Q

epimers differ

A

at any other carbon than the anomeric carbon (i.e. same alpha or beta but different somewhere else)

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16
Q

conformational isomers

A

have reversible rotation changes

e.g. nucleotides

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17
Q

glycosides

A

are formed when one or more hydroxyls are replaced

18
Q

fucose

A
  • galactose derivative - methyl added onto C-
  • only L-monosaccharide made and used by animals
  • part of A/B/O blood antigens
19
Q

excess free fucose in blood

A

liver damage

cancer

diabetes

heart disease

20
Q

modified monosacchrides - phosphorylation

phosphates have _____ linkages

A

ester

  • sugar phosphate backbone in nucleic acids
  • important reactive intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism
  • adds negative charge
  • phosphate from ATP
  • name tells where to put the phosphate
21
Q

modified monosaccharides - oxidation

  • reducing sugars are:
  • 2 step process, makes:
  • an antiquated:
A
  • oxidized at the carbonyl (anomeric carbon)
  • acids and lactones
  • diabetes urine test
22
Q

reducing sugars are

A

monosaccharides

23
Q

modified monosacchardies - reduction

  • reduction at the carbonyl makes:
  • ______ can cause cataracts it if accumaultes in the lens of the eye
A
  • alditols
  • sorbitol
24
Q

modified monosaccharides - amino sugars

  • found in branched:
  • common additions to:
  • ___ - linked glycosides
A
  • polysaccharides (e.g. cell walls)
  • proteins
  • N-linked
25
Q

modified monosaccharides - methylation

  • ____ - linked
  • same reaction that creates _________ , but with a non-sugar
A
  • O-linked
  • polysaccharides
26
Q

some important toxins are

A

O-linked glycosides

27
Q

essential monosaccharides

A

Regular monosaccharides:

  • D-Glucose
  • D-Galactose
  • D-Mannose
  • D-Xylose

the oddball:

  • L-Fucose

Amino sugars:

  • GlcNAc
  • GalNAc
  • Sialic Acid
28
Q

Maltose:

anomeric carbons:

A

disaccharide consisting of 2 glucoses

1 and 4

29
Q

lactose

anomeric carbons:

A

disaccharide consisting of 1 galactose and 1 glucose

1 galactose and 4 glucose

30
Q

sucrose

anomeric carbons

A

disaccharide consisting of 1 glucose and 1 fructose

1 glucose and 2 fructose

31
Q

roles for polysaccharides

A
  1. glucose storage (alpha linkages)
  2. structure (beta-linkages) e.g cellulose
  3. protein diversity (N-linkages through Asn) (O-linkages through Ser or Thr)
32
Q

is amylose branched or unbranched

A

unbranched

33
Q

one structural polysaccharides essentially is universal:

A

chitin

34
Q

glycoproteins:

  1. protein ____ sugar (by weight)
  2. on membranes, involved in:
  3. on soluble protesin, involved in:
A
  1. >
  2. cell adhesion
  3. cell signaling
35
Q

glycosaminoglycans:

  1. sugar ____ protein (by weight)
  2. repeating ____ units
  3. sugar component of proteoglycans are involved in:
A
  1. >
  2. dissacharide
  3. cartilage, blood clotting, chitin
36
Q

mucins:

  1. sugar ____ protein (by weight)
  2. more complex patterns than ____ repeats
  3. lubrication = ____ + ____
A
  1. >
  2. disaccharide
  3. protection + hydration
37
Q

glycolipids decorate cell ____ and are used to recognize ____

A

membranes

self/others

(ABO blood typing)

38
Q

difference between O-B blood types

A

addition of a galactose

39
Q

difference between O-A blood types

A

acetyl-galactose amine group

40
Q

difference between A-B blood types

A

difference is only an N-linked acetyl

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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