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Biochemistry > lipid structure and function > Flashcards

lipid structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

lipids are

A

amphipathic - they have both hydrophilic (polar head) and hydrophobic (nonpolar tail)

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2
Q

lipids are made of

A

fatty acids + glycerol or sphingosine derivative

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3
Q

the bond between lipid monomers are

A

esters

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4
Q

basics of lipid structure

A

hydrocarbon + carboxyl

primary hydrophobic deterinant in lipids

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5
Q

fatty acids can be ____ or ____

A

saturated or unsaturated

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6
Q

pKa of carboxyl on fatty acids

A

4.5

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7
Q

fatty acids: melting point

  1. saturated
  2. unsaturated
A
  1. higher
  2. lower
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8
Q

fatty acids: flexibility

  1. saturated
  2. unsaturated
A
  1. high
  2. low
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9
Q

fatty acids: C-C bonds

  1. saturated
  2. unsaturated
A
  1. all
  2. many
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10
Q

fatty acids: C=C bonds

  1. saturated
  2. unsaturated
A
  1. none
  2. cis and trans
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11
Q

in saturated fatty acids, the shape of the hydrocarbon is

A

linear

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12
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids, the shape of the hydrocarbon in:

  1. cis
  2. trans
A
  1. bent more
  2. bent less
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13
Q

the dietary source of saturated fatty acids is

A

animal fats (e.g. butter, lard, etc)

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14
Q

the dietary source of cis unsaturated fatty acids is

A

plant oils (e.g. olive oil) and omega fatty acids

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15
Q

the dietary source of trans unsaturated fatty acids is

A

processed fats

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16
Q

examples of saturated fatty acids

A

lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, lignoceric acids

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17
Q

examples of cis unsaturated fatty acids

A

palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acids, EPA, and DHA

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18
Q

examples of trans unsaturated fatty acids

A

partially hydrogenated oils

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19
Q

fatty acids are numbered from

A

carboxyl-end (alpha-C) to methyl-end (w-C)

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20
Q

fatty acid nomenclature: first position

  1. n =
  2. cis or trans =
A
  1. saturated
  2. type of double bond(s), each one indicated
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21
Q

fatty acid nomenclature: 5th position

  • oic acids =
  • oate =
A
  • oic acids = protonated/acid
  • oate = deprotonated/conjugate base
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22
Q

omega fatty acids are named

A

for the position of the double bond closest to the methyl (w) end of the fatty acid

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23
Q

omega-3 fatty acids

A

linolenic acid (18:3)/ALA

stearidonic acid (18:4)/SDA

docosapentaenoic acid (22:5)/DPA

Iecosapentaenoic acid (20:5)/EPA

docosahexaenoic acid (22:6)/DHA

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24
Q

omega-6 fatty acids

A

linoleic acid (18:2)/LA

arachidonic acid (20:4)/AA

docosapentaenoic acid (22:5)/DPA

25
Q

which 2 fatty acids cannot be synthesized by humans

A

LA/Linoleic acid (18:2/w-6)

ALA/Linolenic acid (18:3/w-3)

26
Q

ALA is inefficiently converted to 2 other omega fatty acids

A

EPA/Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5/w-3)

DHA/docosahexaenoic acid (22:6/w-3)

27
Q

why are omega fatty acids important

A

are used in cell membrane and other important lipids

are a common energy source

promote good health by improving cardiovascular health

28
Q

fatty acid: common names:

first number in parenthesis:

second number in paraenthesis:

A

total number of carbons

total number of double bonds (total number of unsaturations)

29
Q

essential fatty acids

A

LA/Linoleic acid (18:2/w-6)

ALA/Linolenic acid (18:3/w-3)

EPA/Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5/w-3)

DHA/Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6/w-3)

30
Q

laurate:

number of carbons

number of double bonds

31
Q

myristate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

A

number of carbons: 14

number of double bonds: 0

32
Q

palmitate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

A

number of carbons: 16

number of double bonds: 0

33
Q

Stearate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

A

number of carbons: 18

number of double bonds: 0

34
Q

arachidate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

A

number of carbons: 20

number of double bonds: 0

35
Q

behenate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

A

number of carbons: 22

number of double bonds: 0

36
Q

lignocerate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

37
Q

palmitoleate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

38
Q

oleate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

39
Q

linoleate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

40
Q

linolenate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

41
Q

arachidonate:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

42
Q

EPA/Eicosapentaenoic acid:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

43
Q

DHA/Docosahexaenoic acid:

number of carbons:

number of double bonds:

44
Q

fatty acids (with single hydrocarbon tail) can form

45
Q

fatty acids (phospholipids-with multiple hydrocarbon tails) can form

46
Q

fatty acids in micelles are

A

wedge-shaped and tend to form spherical micelles

47
Q

phosophilips are more cylindrical and pack together to form

A

a bilayer structure

48
Q

____ are the majority component of cell membranes

A

glycerophospholipids

49
Q

common acohols added to glycerophospholipids are

A
  1. amino acids = serine
  2. sugar-derivatives = inositol, glycerol
  3. organics = ethanolamine, choline
50
Q

____ attach a fatty acid to an amine

A

sphingophospholipids

51
Q

____ are important for ABO blood type antigens and cell signaling

A

glycosphingolipids

52
Q

____ are found in plants and bacteria, but rarely in animals

A

glycoglycerolipids

53
Q

____ is an important sterol

A

cholesterol

54
Q

____ are waxy. in addition to being found in cell membranes, they are intermediates for the other sphingolipids

55
Q

the polar regions on waxes are very ____ , therefore predominantly hydrophobic nature of the molecule will ____ water

A

small

repel

56
Q

____ are the most common form of fat storage molecules

A

triacylglycerols (TAGs)

57
Q

triacylglycerols are composed of

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

58
Q

archaeal lipid membranes contain

A

branched fatty acids

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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