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Biochemistry > sarsour review > Flashcards

sarsour review Flashcards

1
Q

____ and ____ are the main energy sources

A

carbohydrates and fats

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2
Q

last energy resort

A

proteins

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3
Q

kilocalorie

A

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C

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4
Q

basal metabolic rate

equation

A

energy involved in normal body functions (e.g. cardiac function, maintaining ion pumps, etc.) and primarily depends on body weight

24 x body weight in kg …………….. (kcal/day)

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

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5
Q

average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category

A

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

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6
Q

average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of half of the people in a particular category

A

estimated average requirement (EAR)

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7
Q

recommended average daily intake level for a nutrient

*used when te RDA is not yet established*

A

adequate intake (AI)

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8
Q

highest average daily intake level that is not likely to have adverse effects on the health of most people

A

tolerable upper intake level (UL)

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9
Q

average dietary energy intake (kcal) to maintain energy balance

*based on age, gender, weight, height, level of physical activity*

A

estimated energy requirement (EER)

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10
Q

portion of the energy intake that should come from each macronutrient

A

acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)

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11
Q

BMI =

Normal

overweight

obese

morbidly obeses

A

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

18.5 - 24.9

25 - 29.9

30 - 39.9

> 40

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12
Q

marasmus:

  • ____ malnutrition
  • is the most common form of ____ malnutrition in nutritional emergencies, and can lead to death
  • characterized by severe wasting of ____ and ____ which the body breaks down to make energy
  • wasting can affect both ____ and ____
A
  • protein-calorie
  • acut
  • fat and muscle
  • children and adults
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13
Q

cachexia:

  • in ____ patients
  • causes predominant loss of ____ and might be life threatening
  • characterized by ____ and muscle protein breakdown that occurs earlier than in common protein malnutrition due to increased muscle ____ and reduced muscle protein ____
  • characterized by increased activity of ____ ____ such as TNF-a, IFN-gamma, and IL-6. they stimulate the NF-kB pathway which leads to protein degradation through ubiquitin pathway
  • there is ____ resistance related to increased glucocorticoid secretion
A
  • cancer
  • muscle
  • anorexia, catabolism, synthesis
  • proinflammatory cytokines
  • insulin
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14
Q

what is a fad

A

short-lived

no basis in qualities of actual object/thing

appeals to emotion over reason

promoted for reasons other than health

rigid

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15
Q

characteristics of fad diets

A

quick weight loss

specific food category or type

reviews from famous people

advertises as “cure for all”

supplements

not scientific

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16
Q

Fad Diets have nothing to do with

A

cultural, regional, and ethnic diets (e.g. Mediterranean diet)

17
Q

low-carbohydrate/high-protein:

  • example
  • main components
  • health consequences
A
  • Atkins
  • less than 50 g of carbs a day, high consumption of animal protein
  • water imbalance, ketosis, appetite suppression, renal dysfunction, nausea, low performance capacity, dehydration, osetoporosis
18
Q

high-carbohydrate/low-fat:

  • example
  • main components
  • health consequences
A
  • pritikin
  • low-fat, low-calorie, plant-based foods, mainly fruits and vegetables, fats not exceeding 10% of total daily calories
  • inadequate intake of good quality protein, vitamin and mineral deficiences, coronary heart disease
19
Q

low-carb/high-fat:

  • example
  • main components
  • health consequences
A
  • ketogenic
  • high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carb diet changing the way energy is used in the body
  • acidosis, hypoglycemia, GI distress, dehydration, lethargy, kidney stones, dyslipidemia, decreased bone density
20
Q

combination:

  • example
  • main components
  • health consequences
A
  • zone
  • hormonal control (insulin, glucagon, and eicosanoids) via a specific ratio of protein, carbs, and fat intake
  • vitamin and mineral deficiencies
21
Q

one-food:

  • example
  • main components
  • health consequences
A
  • grapefruit
  • certain combinations of food with grapefruit and grapefruit juice, no sugary/starchy foods allowed
  • unbalanced nutrition, interfere with certain medication, risk for increase intake of sturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol
22
Q

formula:

  • example
  • main components
  • health consequences
A
  • slim fast
  • dietary supplement based on a drinkable meal replacement once or twice a day, each containing around 240 kcal
  • low nutritional intake, low energy, weakness, risk for eating disorders
23
Q

common eating habits that have been shown to decrease weight and keep weight off

A

eat breakfast - curbs hunger and keeps metabolism going

balanced diet

self monitor - food journal

exercise - physical exercise 1 hour per day

24
Q

therapeutic diets and supplements in cancer therapy:

  • run for ____ time
  • very rigorous ____ research
  • they are ____
  • limited to ____ type of cancer/disease
  • clinically ____ under very strict regulation
  • are ____ to standard of care
  • target and exploit ____ differences betwen cancer cells vs normal cells
  • do not ____ cancer
  • not part of the dietary recommendations for ____ patients ????
A
  • short
  • scientific
  • experimental
  • specific
  • monitored
  • adjuvant
  • metabolic
  • prevent
  • cancer
25
Q

cancer cells metabolism is different:

  • cancer cells appear to exist in a condition of metabolic oxidative stress characterized by increased steady-state levels of ____ and ____ ____
  • this increase in ROS appears to be compensated for by increases in ____ and hydroperoxide metabolism
  • condition of metabolic oxidative stress is due to defects in ____ metabolism
  • if glucose metabolism is increased in cancer cells to compensate for excess hydroperoxide production from mitochondrial respiration, then inhibiting glucose and hydroperoxide metablim while forcing cells to derive energy from ____ should preferentially kill cancer cells
A
  • superoxide and hydrogen peroxide
  • glucose
  • mitochondrial
  • respiration
26
Q
  • vitamin C (pharmacological ____ ) as adjuvate therapy
  • acts as a ____ in cancer cells
  • pharmacological ascorbate helps to increase excessive amounts of ____ that cause DNA damage and cell death in cancer cells
A
  • ascorbate
  • prooxidant
  • H2O2
27
Q

____ diets and pharmacological ____ may be useful adjuvants for selectively enhancing cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in cancer cells treated with conventional therapeutic agents

A

ketogenic

ascorbate

28
Q

upon intake, carbs undergo hydrolysis by enzymes:

  • ____ cleaves and hydrolyzes 1,4 glycosidic bonds on the polysaccaride at random
  • ____ cleaves and hydrolyzes 1,4-glycosidic bonds but in an orderly fashion cutting disacchardes maltose units one by one from the none reducing end of chain
  • ____ enzymes: glucosidases
A
  • alpha-amylase
  • beta-amylase
  • debranching
29
Q

proteins enzymes:

  • ____ hydrolyzes peptide bonds of amino side of the aromatic amino acids
  • ____ hydrolyzes internal peptdie bonds at the same amino acids as does pepsin
  • ____ hydrolyzes the carboxyl side of arginine and lysine
  • ____ hydrolyzes amino acids one by one from the c-terminal end
A
  • pepsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • trypsin
  • carboxypeptidase
30
Q

carbs are not ____ nutrients

A

essential

31
Q

____ vitamins can be stored in the body

____ vitamins are eliminated by the kidneys and cannot be stored in our bodies

A

fat-soluble

water-soluble

32
Q

our bodies require 100mg per day of the ____ minerals (Na, K, Cl, Ca)

our bodies require less than 100mg per day of the ____ minerals (Fe, Zn)

A

major

trace

33
Q

regulation of food intake can be on the ____ or ____ level

for example: body (organ) - stomach (grehlin), pancreas (insulin) and adipose tissue (leptin)

for example: cellular

A

body (organ) or cellular

34
Q

daily energy expenditure =

activity factor sedentary

activity factor moderately active

activity factor very active

A

activity factor x BMR

  1. 3
  2. 5
  3. 7
35
Q

to lose .45kg (1 lb) a person must expend ____ calories more than consumed

A

3500

36
Q

____ is a carbohydrate that is indigestible by the human gut, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and beta-glucan. it is present in unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits.

main role is gut ____ and transit

A

fiber

motility

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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