sarsour review Flashcards
____ and ____ are the main energy sources
carbohydrates and fats
last energy resort
proteins
kilocalorie
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C
basal metabolic rate
equation
energy involved in normal body functions (e.g. cardiac function, maintaining ion pumps, etc.) and primarily depends on body weight
24 x body weight in kg …………….. (kcal/day)
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of half of the people in a particular category
estimated average requirement (EAR)
recommended average daily intake level for a nutrient
*used when te RDA is not yet established*
adequate intake (AI)
highest average daily intake level that is not likely to have adverse effects on the health of most people
tolerable upper intake level (UL)
average dietary energy intake (kcal) to maintain energy balance
*based on age, gender, weight, height, level of physical activity*
estimated energy requirement (EER)
portion of the energy intake that should come from each macronutrient
acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)
BMI =
Normal
overweight
obese
morbidly obeses
weight (kg) / height (m^2)
18.5 - 24.9
25 - 29.9
30 - 39.9
> 40
marasmus:
- ____ malnutrition
- is the most common form of ____ malnutrition in nutritional emergencies, and can lead to death
- characterized by severe wasting of ____ and ____ which the body breaks down to make energy
- wasting can affect both ____ and ____
- protein-calorie
- acut
- fat and muscle
- children and adults
cachexia:
- in ____ patients
- causes predominant loss of ____ and might be life threatening
- characterized by ____ and muscle protein breakdown that occurs earlier than in common protein malnutrition due to increased muscle ____ and reduced muscle protein ____
- characterized by increased activity of ____ ____ such as TNF-a, IFN-gamma, and IL-6. they stimulate the NF-kB pathway which leads to protein degradation through ubiquitin pathway
- there is ____ resistance related to increased glucocorticoid secretion
- cancer
- muscle
- anorexia, catabolism, synthesis
- proinflammatory cytokines
- insulin
what is a fad
short-lived
no basis in qualities of actual object/thing
appeals to emotion over reason
promoted for reasons other than health
rigid
characteristics of fad diets
quick weight loss
specific food category or type
reviews from famous people
advertises as “cure for all”
supplements
not scientific
Fad Diets have nothing to do with
cultural, regional, and ethnic diets (e.g. Mediterranean diet)
low-carbohydrate/high-protein:
- example
- main components
- health consequences
- Atkins
- less than 50 g of carbs a day, high consumption of animal protein
- water imbalance, ketosis, appetite suppression, renal dysfunction, nausea, low performance capacity, dehydration, osetoporosis
high-carbohydrate/low-fat:
- example
- main components
- health consequences
- pritikin
- low-fat, low-calorie, plant-based foods, mainly fruits and vegetables, fats not exceeding 10% of total daily calories
- inadequate intake of good quality protein, vitamin and mineral deficiences, coronary heart disease
low-carb/high-fat:
- example
- main components
- health consequences
- ketogenic
- high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carb diet changing the way energy is used in the body
- acidosis, hypoglycemia, GI distress, dehydration, lethargy, kidney stones, dyslipidemia, decreased bone density
combination:
- example
- main components
- health consequences
- zone
- hormonal control (insulin, glucagon, and eicosanoids) via a specific ratio of protein, carbs, and fat intake
- vitamin and mineral deficiencies
one-food:
- example
- main components
- health consequences
- grapefruit
- certain combinations of food with grapefruit and grapefruit juice, no sugary/starchy foods allowed
- unbalanced nutrition, interfere with certain medication, risk for increase intake of sturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol
formula:
- example
- main components
- health consequences
- slim fast
- dietary supplement based on a drinkable meal replacement once or twice a day, each containing around 240 kcal
- low nutritional intake, low energy, weakness, risk for eating disorders
common eating habits that have been shown to decrease weight and keep weight off
eat breakfast - curbs hunger and keeps metabolism going
balanced diet
self monitor - food journal
exercise - physical exercise 1 hour per day
therapeutic diets and supplements in cancer therapy:
- run for ____ time
- very rigorous ____ research
- they are ____
- limited to ____ type of cancer/disease
- clinically ____ under very strict regulation
- are ____ to standard of care
- target and exploit ____ differences betwen cancer cells vs normal cells
- do not ____ cancer
- not part of the dietary recommendations for ____ patients ????
- short
- scientific
- experimental
- specific
- monitored
- adjuvant
- metabolic
- prevent
- cancer
cancer cells metabolism is different:
- cancer cells appear to exist in a condition of metabolic oxidative stress characterized by increased steady-state levels of ____ and ____ ____
- this increase in ROS appears to be compensated for by increases in ____ and hydroperoxide metabolism
- condition of metabolic oxidative stress is due to defects in ____ metabolism
- if glucose metabolism is increased in cancer cells to compensate for excess hydroperoxide production from mitochondrial respiration, then inhibiting glucose and hydroperoxide metablim while forcing cells to derive energy from ____ should preferentially kill cancer cells
- superoxide and hydrogen peroxide
- glucose
- mitochondrial
- respiration
- vitamin C (pharmacological ____ ) as adjuvate therapy
- acts as a ____ in cancer cells
- pharmacological ascorbate helps to increase excessive amounts of ____ that cause DNA damage and cell death in cancer cells
- ascorbate
- prooxidant
- H2O2
____ diets and pharmacological ____ may be useful adjuvants for selectively enhancing cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in cancer cells treated with conventional therapeutic agents
ketogenic
ascorbate
upon intake, carbs undergo hydrolysis by enzymes:
- ____ cleaves and hydrolyzes 1,4 glycosidic bonds on the polysaccaride at random
- ____ cleaves and hydrolyzes 1,4-glycosidic bonds but in an orderly fashion cutting disacchardes maltose units one by one from the none reducing end of chain
- ____ enzymes: glucosidases
- alpha-amylase
- beta-amylase
- debranching
proteins enzymes:
- ____ hydrolyzes peptide bonds of amino side of the aromatic amino acids
- ____ hydrolyzes internal peptdie bonds at the same amino acids as does pepsin
- ____ hydrolyzes the carboxyl side of arginine and lysine
- ____ hydrolyzes amino acids one by one from the c-terminal end
- pepsin
- chymotrypsin
- trypsin
- carboxypeptidase
carbs are not ____ nutrients
essential
____ vitamins can be stored in the body
____ vitamins are eliminated by the kidneys and cannot be stored in our bodies
fat-soluble
water-soluble
our bodies require 100mg per day of the ____ minerals (Na, K, Cl, Ca)
our bodies require less than 100mg per day of the ____ minerals (Fe, Zn)
major
trace
regulation of food intake can be on the ____ or ____ level
for example: body (organ) - stomach (grehlin), pancreas (insulin) and adipose tissue (leptin)
for example: cellular
body (organ) or cellular
daily energy expenditure =
activity factor sedentary
activity factor moderately active
activity factor very active
activity factor x BMR
- 3
- 5
- 7
to lose .45kg (1 lb) a person must expend ____ calories more than consumed
3500
____ is a carbohydrate that is indigestible by the human gut, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and beta-glucan. it is present in unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits.
main role is gut ____ and transit
fiber
motility
