Substance-Use Disorder Flashcards
Define
Tolerance
a physiological process in which greater and greater amounts of an addictive drug are required to produce the same effect
Definition
disorders in which drugs such as alcohol and cocaine are abused to such an extent that behaviour becomes maladaptive, social and occupational functioning are impaired and control or abstinence becomes impossible. Dependence on the drug may be physiological and produce tolerance and withdrawal
Substance-use disorder
Genes crucial to which pathways may be an important factor in explaining how genes influence substance dependence?
Dopamine system
Define
Methadone
a synthetic addictive heroin substitute for treating those addicted to heroin that eliminates its effects and cravings
Definition
an extremely addictive narcotic drug derived from morphine
Heroin
Define
Opiates
a group of addictive sedatives (including morphine, codeine and oxycodone) that, in moderate doses, relieve pain and induce sleep
Which medications are a group of addictive sedatives that in moderate doses relieve pain and induce sleep?
a) Tricyclics
b) Barbiturates
c) Hallucinogens
d) Opiates
d) Opiates
Definition
perhaps the world’s most popular drug; a generalised stimulant of body systems, including the sympathetic nervous system. Though seldom viewed as a drug, it is addictive, produces tolerance and subjects habitual users to withdrawal
Caffeine
How many criteria must be met for a mild rated substance disorder?
2-3
How many criteria must be met for a severe rated substance disorder?
6+
Definition
use of a drug that is accompanied by physiological dependence in it, made evident by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Addiction
Controlled drinking is
a) the first major addition to AA’s 12-step program in 50 years.
b) a step implemented on college campuses to create “dry dorms.”
c) designed to help problem drinkers increase their awareness of the costs of excessive drinking.
d) a program where drink servers strictly control the amount of alcohol a problem drinker would otherwise imbibe.
c) designed to help problem drinkers increase their awareness of the costs of excessive drinking.
Define
Cocaine
a pain-reducing, stimulating and addictive alkaloid obtained from coca leaves that increases mental powers, produced euphoria, heightens sexual desire and in large doses causes paranoia and hallucination
Is scheduled smoking effective at causing smoking cessation?
Yes
True or False:
Tolerance to amphetamines develops quickly
True
Definition
a synthetic addictive heroin substitute for treating those addicted to heroin that eliminates its effects and cravings
Methadone
Which statement explains the high comorbidity between alcohol use and cigarette smoking?
a) They are both activities frequently engaged in at bars.
b) They both generally begin at about the same developmental period.
c) They are cross-tolerant, so the use of one increases tolerance for the other.
d) Both substances are associated with hyperactivity in the same brain areas.
Define
Withdrawal
negative physiological and psychological reactions evidences when a person suddenly stops taking an addictive drug; reactions include cramps, restlessness and even death
Definition
a drug derived from the dried and ground leaves and stems of the female hemp plant Cannabis stavia
Cannabis
Define
Oxycodone
an opiate combined with other drugs to produce prescription pain medications, including the commonly abused drug OxyContin
Definition
an amphetamine derivative whose abuse skyrocketed in the 1990s
Methamphetamine
Definition
the principal alkaloid of tobacco
Nicotine
Which prevention strategies are the most effective for smoking?
Smoke-free laws
Tobacco price increases
Mass media campaigns
What are the major problems that come with opiate use?
Death by overdose
Exposure to infection (i.e. HIV)
Definition
a pain-reducing, stimulating and addictive alkaloid obtained from coca leaves that increases mental powers, produced euphoria, heightens sexual desire and in large doses causes paranoia and hallucination
Cocaine
What school-based prevention methods are effective at preventing substance use?
Approaches that use social competence and social influence models
Definition
negative physiological and psychological reactions evidences when a person suddenly stops taking an addictive drug; reactions include cramps, restlessness and even death
Withdrawal
Define
Hashish
the dried resin of the cannabin plant, stronger in its effects than the dried leaves and stems than constitute cannabis
Define
Controlled drinking
a pattern of alcohol consumption that is moderate, avoiding the extremes of total abstinence and of inebriation
Which part of the brain is particularly vulnerable to methamphetamine use?
Hippocampus
Who are more like to smoke: men or women?
Men
Define
Secondhand smoke
the smoke from the burning end of the cigarette; contains higher concentrations of nicotine, ammonia, carbon monoxide and tar than the smoke inhaled by the smoker
Define
Hallucinogen
a drug or chemical, such as LSD, psilocybin or mescaline, whose effects include hallucinations; often called a psychedelic
What is the most effective treatment for heroin dependence?
Heroin substitutes such as methadone or naltrexone
How many criteria must be met for a moderate rated substance disorder?
4-5
What medications can be used to treat alcohol-use disorder?
Naltexone, acamprosate and disulfiram
Define
Cannabis
a drug derived from the dried and ground leaves and stems of the female hemp plant Cannabis stavia
Definition
a drug or chemical, such as LSD, psilocybin or mescaline, whose effects include hallucinations; often called a psychedelic
Hallucinogen
Define
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide, a drug synthesised in 1938 and discovered by accident to be a hallucinogen in 1943
Definition
retarded growth of the developing foetus and infant involving cranial, facial and limb anomalies as well as intellectual disabilities; caused by heavy consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy
Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Define
Flashback
an unpredictable recurrence of experiences from an earlier drug high
Definition
a gas that, when inhaled, produces euphoria and sometimes giddiness
Nitrous oxide
Define
Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
retarded growth of the developing foetus and infant involving cranial, facial and limb anomalies as well as intellectual disabilities; caused by heavy consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy
Which sociocultural factors play a role in substance use?
Culture
Availability of substance
Family factors
Social settings and networks
Advertising
True or False:
Mass media campaigns can actually increase illicit drug use among young people
True
One potential drawback of nicotine replacement therapies is that
a) they are not readily available, making it easier to obtain cigarettes.
b) the nicotine is absorbed more rapidly than in cigarettes, requiring more frequent doses.
c) their effectiveness in terms of reducing cravings has not been demonstrated.
d) dangerous levels of nicotine can be reached if people smoke while using them.
d) dangerous levels of nicotine can be reached if people smoke while using them.
Definition
the dried resin of the cannabin plant, stronger in its effects than the dried leaves and stems than constitute cannabis
Hashish
How do expectancies, such as reducing tension and increasing social skills, effect substance use?
They have been shown to be predictors of substance use
Which feature of alcohol and nicotine use is believed to be the heritable part?
Tolerance
Definition
acting on the same neurotransmitter receptors as methadone does with heroin
Cross-dependent
Which is the most effective treatment for smoking?
Adding bupropion or therapy to the use of nicotine patches
Define
Nitrous oxide
a gas that, when inhaled, produces euphoria and sometimes giddiness
Define
Heroin
an extremely addictive narcotic drug derived from morphine
Definition
a group of addictive sedatives (including morphine, codeine and oxycodone) that, in moderate doses, relieve pain and induce sleep
Opiates
Define
Methamphetamine
an amphetamine derivative whose abuse skyrocketed in the 1990s
Research has found that alcohol lessens negative emotions, but it __________ positive emotions in response to anxiety-provoking situations.
a) also lessens
b) raises
c) does not effect
d) makes one forget
a) also lessens
What are the DSM-5 criteria for substance-use disorder?
People with substance-use disorder undertake a problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning. The individual experiences two or more of the following symptoms within a one-year period:
- failure to meet obligations
- repeated use in situations where it is physically dangerous
- repeated relationship problems
- continued use despite problems caused by the substance
- tolerance
- withdrawal
- substance taken for a longer time or in greater amounts than intended
- efforts to reduce or control use do not work
- much time spent obtaining, using or recovering from the substance
- social, hobbies or work activities given up or reduced
- craving to use the substance is strong
What is the most prevalently used illicit drug?
Cannabis
Definition
a relatively new hallucinogen, chemically similar to mescaline and the amphetamines
Ecstasy
What problems are associated with chronic cocaine use?
Problems with relationships
Paranoia
Trouble sleeping
True or False:
Psychoeducation alone is an effective prevention strategy for substance use
False
Which disorders from the DSM-IV-TR were combined to form substance-use disorder in DSM-5?
Substance abuse
Substance dependence
True or False:
Behavioural couples therapy and motivational interviewing are not effective treatments for substance use disorders
False
There is some evidence to suggest that they are effective
True or False:
Currently, men are more likely than women to drink
False
Equal
What was the mind-expanding drug of the 1960-1970s? What about the 1990s?
1960-1970s: LSD
1990s: Ecstasy
Which symptom is particularly strong with methamphetamine use, and is a reliable predictor of later use?
a) Craving
b) Tolerance
c) Withdrawal
d) Sedation
a) Craving
What are the negative effects of cannabis?
Interfere with cognitive functions
Lung-related problems
Impair driving
Definition
the smoke from the burning end of the cigarette; contains higher concentrations of nicotine, ammonia, carbon monoxide and tar than the smoke inhaled by the smoker
Secondhand smoke
Which psychological factor has been implicated in substance-use disorders? Under which circumstances?
Tension reduction, but only under some circumstances, including when distractions are present
Definition
a drug, such as cocaine, that increases alertness and motor activity and at the same time reduces fatigue, allowing an individual to remain awake for an extended period of time
Stimulant
Define
MDMA
methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a chemical component of ecstasy; initially used as an appetite suppressant for WWI soldiers and derived from precursors found in nutmeg, dill, saffron and sassafras
What is the leading risk factor contributing to burden of disease in young people?
Alcohol
Define
Substance-use disorder
disorders in which drugs such as alcohol and cocaine are abused to such an extent that behaviour becomes maladaptive, social and occupational functioning are impaired and control or abstinence becomes impossible. Dependence on the drug may be physiological and produce tolerance and withdrawal
It was believed that the use of Ecstasy was relatively harmless, but accumulating scientific evidence suggests that it may have neurotoxic effects on the __________ system.
a) dopamine
b) norepinephrine
c) GABA
d) serotonin
d) serotonin
True or False:
Psychological treatments are effective for smoking cessation
False
Definition
a group of stimulating drugs that produce heightened levels of energy and, in large doses, nervousness, sleeplessness and paranoid delusions
Amphetamines
Define
Addiction
use of a drug that is accompanied by physiological dependence in it, made evident by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Definition
an unpredictable recurrence of experiences from an earlier drug high
Flashback
Definition
lysergic acid diethylamide, a drug synthesised in 1938 and discovered by accident to be a hallucinogen in 1943
LSD
Define
Ecstasy
a relatively new hallucinogen, chemically similar to mescaline and the amphetamines
Define
Stimulant
a drug, such as cocaine, that increases alertness and motor activity and at the same time reduces fatigue, allowing an individual to remain awake for an extended period of time
Define
Cross-dependent
acting on the same neurotransmitter receptors as methadone does with heroin
Definition
a pattern of alcohol consumption that is moderate, avoiding the extremes of total abstinence and of inebriation
Controlled drinking
Define
Nicotine
the principal alkaloid of tobacco
Researchers have found that which of the following individuals is more likely to have or develop a substance use disorder?
a) The person who chooses $1 today instead of $10 tomorrow
b) The person who chooses random payments instead of at regular intervals
c) The person who insists on receiving all available payments
d) The person who chooses $10 today instead of $1 tomorrow
a) The person who chooses $1 today instead of $10 tomorrow
True or False:
Mass media campaigns are effective for smoking
True
Historically who was more likely to drink: men or women?
Men
Definition
methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a chemical component of ecstasy; initially used as an appetite suppressant for WWI soldiers and derived from precursors found in nutmeg, dill, saffron and sassafras
MDMA
What does the incentive-sensitisation theory propose?
repeated exposure to drugs of abuse leads to increasing sensitivity of the brain to their attractiveness or desirability which can persist even in the absence of continued exposure to the drug, or with continued exposure, in the absence of pleasure from use of the drug, thus explaining relapse after long abstinence
Define
Caffeine
perhaps the world’s most popular drug; a generalised stimulant of body systems, including the sympathetic nervous system. Though seldom viewed as a drug, it is addictive, produces tolerance and subjects habitual users to withdrawal
Define
Amphetamines
a group of stimulating drugs that produce heightened levels of energy and, in large doses, nervousness, sleeplessness and paranoid delusions
Definition
a physiological process in which greater and greater amounts of an addictive drug are required to produce the same effect
Tolerance
Definition
an opiate combined with other drugs to produce prescription pain medications, including the commonly abused drug OxyContin
Oxycodone
What is an effective treatment for cocaine dependence?
CBT
