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PSY3032 > Substance-Use Disorder > Flashcards

Substance-Use Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Tolerance

A

a physiological process in which greater and greater amounts of an addictive drug are required to produce the same effect

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2
Q

Definition

disorders in which drugs such as alcohol and cocaine are abused to such an extent that behaviour becomes maladaptive, social and occupational functioning are impaired and control or abstinence becomes impossible. Dependence on the drug may be physiological and produce tolerance and withdrawal

A

Substance-use disorder

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3
Q

Genes crucial to which pathways may be an important factor in explaining how genes influence substance dependence?

A

Dopamine system

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4
Q

Define

Methadone

A

a synthetic addictive heroin substitute for treating those addicted to heroin that eliminates its effects and cravings

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5
Q

Definition

an extremely addictive narcotic drug derived from morphine

A

Heroin

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6
Q

Define

Opiates

A

a group of addictive sedatives (including morphine, codeine and oxycodone) that, in moderate doses, relieve pain and induce sleep

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7
Q

Which medications are a group of addictive sedatives that in moderate doses relieve pain and induce sleep?

a) Tricyclics
b) Barbiturates
c) Hallucinogens
d) Opiates

A

d) Opiates

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8
Q

Definition

perhaps the world’s most popular drug; a generalised stimulant of body systems, including the sympathetic nervous system. Though seldom viewed as a drug, it is addictive, produces tolerance and subjects habitual users to withdrawal

A

Caffeine

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9
Q

How many criteria must be met for a mild rated substance disorder?

A

2-3

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10
Q

How many criteria must be met for a severe rated substance disorder?

A

6+

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11
Q

Definition

use of a drug that is accompanied by physiological dependence in it, made evident by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

A

Addiction

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12
Q

Controlled drinking is

a) the first major addition to AA’s 12-step program in 50 years.
b) a step implemented on college campuses to create “dry dorms.”
c) designed to help problem drinkers increase their awareness of the costs of excessive drinking.
d) a program where drink servers strictly control the amount of alcohol a problem drinker would otherwise imbibe.

A

c) designed to help problem drinkers increase their awareness of the costs of excessive drinking.

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13
Q

Define

Cocaine

A

a pain-reducing, stimulating and addictive alkaloid obtained from coca leaves that increases mental powers, produced euphoria, heightens sexual desire and in large doses causes paranoia and hallucination

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14
Q

Is scheduled smoking effective at causing smoking cessation?

A

Yes

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15
Q

True or False:

Tolerance to amphetamines develops quickly

A

True

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16
Q

Definition

a synthetic addictive heroin substitute for treating those addicted to heroin that eliminates its effects and cravings

A

Methadone

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17
Q

Which statement explains the high comorbidity between alcohol use and cigarette smoking?

a) They are both activities frequently engaged in at bars.
b) They both generally begin at about the same developmental period.
c) They are cross-tolerant, so the use of one increases tolerance for the other.
d) Both substances are associated with hyperactivity in the same brain areas.

A
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18
Q

Define

Withdrawal

A

negative physiological and psychological reactions evidences when a person suddenly stops taking an addictive drug; reactions include cramps, restlessness and even death

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19
Q

Definition

a drug derived from the dried and ground leaves and stems of the female hemp plant Cannabis stavia

A

Cannabis

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20
Q

Define

Oxycodone

A

an opiate combined with other drugs to produce prescription pain medications, including the commonly abused drug OxyContin

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21
Q

Definition

an amphetamine derivative whose abuse skyrocketed in the 1990s

A

Methamphetamine

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22
Q

Definition

the principal alkaloid of tobacco

A

Nicotine

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23
Q

Which prevention strategies are the most effective for smoking?

A

Smoke-free laws

Tobacco price increases

Mass media campaigns

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24
Q

What are the major problems that come with opiate use?

A

Death by overdose

Exposure to infection (i.e. HIV)

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25
Q

Definition

a pain-reducing, stimulating and addictive alkaloid obtained from coca leaves that increases mental powers, produced euphoria, heightens sexual desire and in large doses causes paranoia and hallucination

A

Cocaine

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26
Q

What school-based prevention methods are effective at preventing substance use?

A

Approaches that use social competence and social influence models

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27
Q

Definition

negative physiological and psychological reactions evidences when a person suddenly stops taking an addictive drug; reactions include cramps, restlessness and even death

A

Withdrawal

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28
Q

Define

Hashish

A

the dried resin of the cannabin plant, stronger in its effects than the dried leaves and stems than constitute cannabis

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29
Q

Define

Controlled drinking

A

a pattern of alcohol consumption that is moderate, avoiding the extremes of total abstinence and of inebriation

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30
Q

Which part of the brain is particularly vulnerable to methamphetamine use?

A

Hippocampus

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31
Q

Who are more like to smoke: men or women?

A

Men

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32
Q

Define

Secondhand smoke

A

the smoke from the burning end of the cigarette; contains higher concentrations of nicotine, ammonia, carbon monoxide and tar than the smoke inhaled by the smoker

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33
Q

Define

Hallucinogen

A

a drug or chemical, such as LSD, psilocybin or mescaline, whose effects include hallucinations; often called a psychedelic

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34
Q

What is the most effective treatment for heroin dependence?

A

Heroin substitutes such as methadone or naltrexone

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35
Q

How many criteria must be met for a moderate rated substance disorder?

A

4-5

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36
Q

What medications can be used to treat alcohol-use disorder?

A

Naltexone, acamprosate and disulfiram

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37
Q

Define

Cannabis

A

a drug derived from the dried and ground leaves and stems of the female hemp plant Cannabis stavia

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38
Q

Definition

a drug or chemical, such as LSD, psilocybin or mescaline, whose effects include hallucinations; often called a psychedelic

A

Hallucinogen

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39
Q

Define

LSD

A

lysergic acid diethylamide, a drug synthesised in 1938 and discovered by accident to be a hallucinogen in 1943

40
Q

Definition

retarded growth of the developing foetus and infant involving cranial, facial and limb anomalies as well as intellectual disabilities; caused by heavy consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy

A

Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

41
Q

Define

Flashback

A

an unpredictable recurrence of experiences from an earlier drug high

42
Q

Definition

a gas that, when inhaled, produces euphoria and sometimes giddiness

A

Nitrous oxide

43
Q

Define

Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

retarded growth of the developing foetus and infant involving cranial, facial and limb anomalies as well as intellectual disabilities; caused by heavy consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy

44
Q

Which sociocultural factors play a role in substance use?

A

Culture

Availability of substance

Family factors

Social settings and networks

Advertising

45
Q

True or False:

Mass media campaigns can actually increase illicit drug use among young people

A

True

46
Q

One potential drawback of nicotine replacement therapies is that

a) they are not readily available, making it easier to obtain cigarettes.
b) the nicotine is absorbed more rapidly than in cigarettes, requiring more frequent doses.
c) their effectiveness in terms of reducing cravings has not been demonstrated.
d) dangerous levels of nicotine can be reached if people smoke while using them.

A

d) dangerous levels of nicotine can be reached if people smoke while using them.

47
Q

Definition

the dried resin of the cannabin plant, stronger in its effects than the dried leaves and stems than constitute cannabis

A

Hashish

48
Q

How do expectancies, such as reducing tension and increasing social skills, effect substance use?

A

They have been shown to be predictors of substance use

49
Q

Which feature of alcohol and nicotine use is believed to be the heritable part?

A

Tolerance

50
Q

Definition

acting on the same neurotransmitter receptors as methadone does with heroin

A

Cross-dependent

51
Q

Which is the most effective treatment for smoking?

A

Adding bupropion or therapy to the use of nicotine patches

52
Q

Define

Nitrous oxide

A

a gas that, when inhaled, produces euphoria and sometimes giddiness

53
Q

Define

Heroin

A

an extremely addictive narcotic drug derived from morphine

54
Q

Definition

a group of addictive sedatives (including morphine, codeine and oxycodone) that, in moderate doses, relieve pain and induce sleep

A

Opiates

55
Q

Define

Methamphetamine

A

an amphetamine derivative whose abuse skyrocketed in the 1990s

56
Q

Research has found that alcohol lessens negative emotions, but it __________ positive emotions in response to anxiety-provoking situations.

a) also lessens
b) raises
c) does not effect
d) makes one forget

A

a) also lessens

57
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for substance-use disorder?

A

People with substance-use disorder undertake a problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning. The individual experiences two or more of the following symptoms within a one-year period:

  • failure to meet obligations
  • repeated use in situations where it is physically dangerous
  • repeated relationship problems
  • continued use despite problems caused by the substance
  • tolerance
  • withdrawal
  • substance taken for a longer time or in greater amounts than intended
  • efforts to reduce or control use do not work
  • much time spent obtaining, using or recovering from the substance
  • social, hobbies or work activities given up or reduced
  • craving to use the substance is strong
58
Q

What is the most prevalently used illicit drug?

A

Cannabis

59
Q

Definition

a relatively new hallucinogen, chemically similar to mescaline and the amphetamines

A

Ecstasy

60
Q

What problems are associated with chronic cocaine use?

A

Problems with relationships

Paranoia

Trouble sleeping

61
Q

True or False:

Psychoeducation alone is an effective prevention strategy for substance use

A

False

62
Q

Which disorders from the DSM-IV-TR were combined to form substance-use disorder in DSM-5?

A

Substance abuse

Substance dependence

63
Q

True or False:

Behavioural couples therapy and motivational interviewing are not effective treatments for substance use disorders

A

False

There is some evidence to suggest that they are effective

64
Q

True or False:

Currently, men are more likely than women to drink

A

False

Equal

65
Q
A
66
Q

What was the mind-expanding drug of the 1960-1970s? What about the 1990s?

A

1960-1970s: LSD

1990s: Ecstasy

67
Q

Which symptom is particularly strong with methamphetamine use, and is a reliable predictor of later use?

a) Craving
b) Tolerance
c) Withdrawal
d) Sedation

A

a) Craving

68
Q
A
69
Q

What are the negative effects of cannabis?

A

Interfere with cognitive functions

Lung-related problems

Impair driving

70
Q

Definition

the smoke from the burning end of the cigarette; contains higher concentrations of nicotine, ammonia, carbon monoxide and tar than the smoke inhaled by the smoker

A

Secondhand smoke

71
Q

Which psychological factor has been implicated in substance-use disorders? Under which circumstances?

A

Tension reduction, but only under some circumstances, including when distractions are present

72
Q

Definition

a drug, such as cocaine, that increases alertness and motor activity and at the same time reduces fatigue, allowing an individual to remain awake for an extended period of time

A

Stimulant

73
Q

Define

MDMA

A

methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a chemical component of ecstasy; initially used as an appetite suppressant for WWI soldiers and derived from precursors found in nutmeg, dill, saffron and sassafras

74
Q

What is the leading risk factor contributing to burden of disease in young people?

A

Alcohol

75
Q

Define

Substance-use disorder

A

disorders in which drugs such as alcohol and cocaine are abused to such an extent that behaviour becomes maladaptive, social and occupational functioning are impaired and control or abstinence becomes impossible. Dependence on the drug may be physiological and produce tolerance and withdrawal

76
Q

It was believed that the use of Ecstasy was relatively harmless, but accumulating scientific evidence suggests that it may have neurotoxic effects on the __________ system.

a) dopamine
b) norepinephrine
c) GABA
d) serotonin

A

d) serotonin

77
Q

True or False:

Psychological treatments are effective for smoking cessation

A

False

78
Q

Definition

a group of stimulating drugs that produce heightened levels of energy and, in large doses, nervousness, sleeplessness and paranoid delusions

A

Amphetamines

79
Q

Define

Addiction

A

use of a drug that is accompanied by physiological dependence in it, made evident by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

80
Q

Definition

an unpredictable recurrence of experiences from an earlier drug high

A

Flashback

81
Q

Definition

lysergic acid diethylamide, a drug synthesised in 1938 and discovered by accident to be a hallucinogen in 1943

A

LSD

82
Q

Define

Ecstasy

A

a relatively new hallucinogen, chemically similar to mescaline and the amphetamines

83
Q

Define

Stimulant

A

a drug, such as cocaine, that increases alertness and motor activity and at the same time reduces fatigue, allowing an individual to remain awake for an extended period of time

84
Q

Define

Cross-dependent

A

acting on the same neurotransmitter receptors as methadone does with heroin

85
Q

Definition

a pattern of alcohol consumption that is moderate, avoiding the extremes of total abstinence and of inebriation

A

Controlled drinking

86
Q

Define

Nicotine

A

the principal alkaloid of tobacco

87
Q

Researchers have found that which of the following individuals is more likely to have or develop a substance use disorder?

a) The person who chooses $1 today instead of $10 tomorrow
b) The person who chooses random payments instead of at regular intervals
c) The person who insists on receiving all available payments
d) The person who chooses $10 today instead of $1 tomorrow

A

a) The person who chooses $1 today instead of $10 tomorrow

88
Q

True or False:

Mass media campaigns are effective for smoking

A

True

89
Q

Historically who was more likely to drink: men or women?

A

Men

90
Q

Definition

methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a chemical component of ecstasy; initially used as an appetite suppressant for WWI soldiers and derived from precursors found in nutmeg, dill, saffron and sassafras

A

MDMA

91
Q

What does the incentive-sensitisation theory propose?

A

repeated exposure to drugs of abuse leads to increasing sensitivity of the brain to their attractiveness or desirability which can persist even in the absence of continued exposure to the drug, or with continued exposure, in the absence of pleasure from use of the drug, thus explaining relapse after long abstinence

92
Q

Define

Caffeine

A

perhaps the world’s most popular drug; a generalised stimulant of body systems, including the sympathetic nervous system. Though seldom viewed as a drug, it is addictive, produces tolerance and subjects habitual users to withdrawal

93
Q

Define

Amphetamines

A

a group of stimulating drugs that produce heightened levels of energy and, in large doses, nervousness, sleeplessness and paranoid delusions

94
Q

Definition

a physiological process in which greater and greater amounts of an addictive drug are required to produce the same effect

A

Tolerance

95
Q

Definition

an opiate combined with other drugs to produce prescription pain medications, including the commonly abused drug OxyContin

A

Oxycodone

96
Q

What is an effective treatment for cocaine dependence?

A

CBT

PSY3032 (13 decks)

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