Sleep Disorders Flashcards
Definition
a disorder characterized by abnormal or unusual behavior of the nervous system during sleep
Parasomnia
Definition
a family of sleep disorders affecting (among other bodily processes) the timing of sleep. People with these types of disorders are unable to go to sleep and awaken at the times commonly required for work and school as well as social needs
Circadian rhythm disorder
What are the sleep hygiene treatments for narcolepsy?
Prophylactic short naps
Regular sleep hours
Management of:
- Sleep deprivation
- Caffeine/alcohol
- Exercise
- Emotions
What are some precipitating factors for insomnia?
Major life event
Medical condition
Definition
the act or state of walking, eating, or performing other motor acts while asleep, of which one is unaware upon awakening. Also known as somnambulism
Sleep walking
Over 60% of people with major depression experience symptoms of which sleep disorder?
Insomnia
Before 2015, what were the insomnia sub-types?
Primary insomnia
Secondary insomnia
Define
Shift work sleep disorder
a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia and excessive sleepiness affecting people whose work hours overlap with the typical sleep period
What is a major concern of REM sleep behaviour disorder?
Injury - to themselves or their partner
Definition
lying face upward
Supine
What is primary insomnia?
Insomnia not associated with a known physical or psychological disorder
Definition
a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite
Hypocretin
What is sleep paralysis linked to?
Hypertension
Narcolepsy
Seizure
Anxiety
Sleep disturbance
Insufficient sleep
Jetlag
Shift work
What are the diagnostic criteria for sleep terrors?
- Abrupt “awakening” from sleep
- Episodes accompanied by intense fear and autonomic response
- Unresponsiveness to wake or comfort
- No recall of dream
What are the DSM-5 criteria for Circadian Rhythm Disorder?
- Persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required
- Sleep disruption leads to excessive sleepiness or insomnia or both
- Sleep disruption causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning
Define
Sleep walking
the act or state of walking, eating, or performing other motor acts while asleep, of which one is unaware upon awakening. Also known as somnambulism
Label this image
What are the types of Circadian Rhythm Disorders?
Shift work sleep disorder
Irregular sleep-wake pattern
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
Advanced sleep phase syndrome
Non-24-h sleep wake disorder
What treatment is used for sleep terrors?
Reduction in activity before bed
Prevent overheating
Do not wake someone when having a night terror
Make sure the person is safe
Define
Free-running
a sleep pattern that is not adjusted (entrained) to the 24-hour cycle in nature nor to any artificial cycle. It occurs as the sleep disorder non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder or artificially as part of experiments used in the study of circadian and other rhythms in biology
What are the DSM-5 criteria for Insomnia Disorder?
- Predominant complaint of: Initiation, Maintenance, Early morning awakening
- Clinically significant distress/impairment in social/cognitive/occupational functioning
- Sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 times/week
- Sleep difficulty present for at least 3 months
- Sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep
- Distrubance is not due to another sleep disorder
- Disturbance is not due to a mental disorder, substance, and/or general medical condition
Define
Parasomnia
a disorder characterized by abnormal or unusual behavior of the nervous system during sleep
What parasomnias are disorders from REM?
REM sleep behavioural disorder
Nightmare disorder
Sleep paralysis
Define
Psychophysiological
the branch of physiology that is concerned with the relationship between mental (psyche) and physical (physiological) processes; it is the scientific study of the interaction between mind and body
Define
Narcolepsy
a condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings
Definition
A frightening form of paralysis that occurs when a person suddenly finds himself or herself unable to move for a few minutes, most often upon falling asleep or waking up. It is due to an irregularity in passing between the stages of sleep and wakefulness
Sleep paralysis
Definition
a sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares. The nightmares, which often portray the individual in a situation that jeopardizes their life or personal safety, usually occur during the REM stages of sleep
Nightmare disorder
Definition
a condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings
Narcolepsy
Define
Hypnopompic
relating to the state immediately preceding waking up
Define
Enuresis
involuntary urination, especially by children at night
Definition
a sudden and uncontrollable muscle weakness or paralysis that comes on during the day and is often triggered by a strong emotion, such as excitement or laughter
Cataplaxy
How are Circadian Rhythm Disorders treated?
Chronotherapeutic approach:
Bright light exposure
Melatonin administration
Definition
a sleep pattern that is not adjusted (entrained) to the 24-hour cycle in nature nor to any artificial cycle. It occurs as the sleep disorder non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder or artificially as part of experiments used in the study of circadian and other rhythms in biology
Free-running
Definition
a sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep
REM sleep behaviour disorder
Definition
a rare form of circadian rhythm sleep disorder. It is characterized by numerous naps throughout the 24-hour period, no main nighttime sleep episode and irregularity from day to day. Sufferers have no pattern of when they are awake or asleep, may have poor quality sleep, and often may be very sleepy while they are awake
Irregular sleep-wake pattern disorder
How is narcolepsy cured?
It can’t be cured
What are the diagnostic criteria for REM sleep behaviour disorder?
- Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and/or complex motor behaviour
- Behaviours arise in REM sleep and occur more than 90 minutes after sleep onset, later in the sleep episode, and uncommon during naps
- The individual is awake and alert and is not confused or disoriented
- Either:
- REM sleep without atonia
- History suggestive of REM sleep behaivour disorder and/or established disorders (i.e. Parkinson’s disease)
- Behavioral clinical distress and impairment
- Not attributable to any other disorder
Define
Advanced sleep phase syndrome
a disruption of the circadian rhythm, causing the afflicted to go to sleep earlier than normal & wake up earlier than normal
True or False:
30% of the population experiences symptoms of insominia
True
Definition
a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia and excessive sleepiness affecting people whose work hours overlap with the typical sleep period
Shift work sleep disorder
Define
Restless legs syndrome
a disorder characterized by an unpleasant tickling or twitching sensation in the leg muscles when sitting or lying down, which is relieved only by moving the legs
Is gender a factor in the prevalence of parasomnias?
Yes, males are more susceptible
What are warning signs of a sleep disorder?
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Morning headaches
Problems initiating/maintaining sleep
Snoring
Overweight
Bizarre imagery during sleep onset
Not being able to move upon awakening
Partner complaints
Definition
the branch of physiology that is concerned with the relationship between mental (psyche) and physical (physiological) processes; it is the scientific study of the interaction between mind and body
Psychophysiological
What parasomnias are disorders from arousal NREM?
Sleepwalking
Night terrors
Define
Irregular sleep-wake pattern disorder
a rare form of circadian rhythm sleep disorder. It is characterized by numerous naps throughout the 24-hour period, no main nighttime sleep episode and irregularity from day to day. Sufferers have no pattern of when they are awake or asleep, may have poor quality sleep, and often may be very sleepy while they are awake
Define
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
a disorder in which a person’s sleep is delayed by 2 or more hours beyond the socially acceptable or conventional bedtime. This delay in falling asleep causes difficulty in waking up at the desired time
What three diagnostic criteria can be used to diagnose sleep disorders?
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
Define
Night terrors
a form of sleep disorder in which a person partially awakens from sleep in a state of terror
Definition
relating to the state immediately before falling asleep
Hypnagogic
Definition
a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep
Insomnia disorder
True or False:
Parasomnias can be associated with any stage of sleep
True
Definition
a disorder in which a person’s sleep is delayed by 2 or more hours beyond the socially acceptable or conventional bedtime. This delay in falling asleep causes difficulty in waking up at the desired time
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
What sleep disorder a blind people particularly susceptible to?
Non-24-h sleep-wake disorder
Define
Sleep paralysis
A frightening form of paralysis that occurs when a person suddenly finds himself or herself unable to move for a few minutes, most often upon falling asleep or waking up. It is due to an irregularity in passing between the stages of sleep and wakefulness
Define
Hypnagogic
relating to the state immediately before falling asleep
What are the diagnostic criteria for nightmare disorder?
- Repeated occurrence of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams, that generally occur in the second half of the night
- On awakening, the individual becomes rapidly awake and alert
- The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning
- The nightmare symptoms are not due to any other medical, physical or mental health problem
What are the pharmacological treatments for narcolepsy?
Stimulants (i.e. adderall)
Xyrem (i.e. GHB)
What are circadian rhythms?
Self-sustained, internally generated biological rhythm which, in the organism’s natural environment, is normally synchronised or entrained to the 24-hour day/night cycle
What are the types of insomnia (ICSD-10)?
- Psychophysiological
- Sleep state misperception (paradoxical insomnia)
- Idiopathic insomnia
- Inadequate sleep hygiene
- Adjustment sleep disorder
- Behavioural insomnia of childhood
Which sleeping position is associated with sleep paralysis?
Supine position
Definition
habits and practices that are conducive to sleeping well on a regular basis
Sleep hygiene
What are the DSM-5 criteria for Narcolepsy?
Recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep or lapsing into sleep
- At least 3 times/week for 3 months
The presence of one of the following:
- Episodes of cataplexy
- Hypocretin deficiency
- REM sleep latency <15 minutes, or multiple sleep latency test <8 minutes and 2 sleep onset REM periods
What are some perpetuating factors for insomnia?
Napping
Sleeping in
Anxiety
What is secondary insomnia?
Insomnia caused by a ‘co-morbid’ physical or psychological state
Definition
relating to the state immediately preceding waking up
Hypnopompic
Definition
a form of sleep disorder in which a person partially awakens from sleep in a state of terror
Night terrors
Define
Circadian rhythm disorder
a family of sleep disorders affecting (among other bodily processes) the timing of sleep. People with these types of disorders are unable to go to sleep and awaken at the times commonly required for work and school as well as social needs
Define
Sleep hygiene
habits and practices that are conducive to sleeping well on a regular basis
Definition
a disruption of the circadian rhythm, causing the afflicted to go to sleep earlier than normal & wake up earlier than normal
Advanced sleep phase syndrome
Define
Supine
lying face upward
Definition
a disorder characterized by an unpleasant tickling or twitching sensation in the leg muscles when sitting or lying down, which is relieved only by moving the legs
Restless legs syndrome
Definition
involuntary urination, especially by children at night
Enuresis
Define
REM sleep behaviour disorder
a sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep
What are some predisposing factors for insomnia?
Gender
Personality
Define
Cataplaxy
a sudden and uncontrollable muscle weakness or paralysis that comes on during the day and is often triggered by a strong emotion, such as excitement or laughter
Following 2015, what was the view on insomnia sub-types?
Insomnia can coexist with many conditions, and regardless of which came first we need to address the sleep problems in their own right
What are the main characteristics of Insomnia Disorder?
Repeated difficulty with:
Sleep initiation
Sleep consolidation
Sleep quality
Daytime impairment
Label this image
Define
Insomnia disorder
a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep
Define
Nightmare disorder
a sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares. The nightmares, which often portray the individual in a situation that jeopardizes their life or personal safety, usually occur during the REM stages of sleep
What are the diagnostic criteria for sleep walking?
- Complex motor movement during slow-wave sleep
- Reduced alertness and responsiveness
- Limited recall of events is awaken
- After the episode, regain full cognition and appropriate behaviour
Define
Hypocretin
a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite
What are the DSM-5 criteria for sleep arousal disorders from NREM?
- Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the sleep episode, accompanied by:
- Sleepwalking
- Sleep terror
- No or little dream imagery recalled
- Amnesia for episodes
- Episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning
- Not attributable to a substance
- Coexisting medical and/or mental health disorders do not explain the episodes
