Personality Disorders Flashcards
What does cluster B include?
Antisocial
Borderline
Histronic
Narcissistic
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Excessive need to be taken care of, submissive behaviour and fears of separation”
Dependent
Definition
A cluster of dramatic, emotional and erratic personality disorder including borderline, narcissistic, histrionic and antisocial personality disorders
Cluster B
What are the DSM-5 criteria for dependent personality disorder?
An excessive need to be taken care of, as shown by the presence of at least 5 of the following from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Difficulty making decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others
- Need for others to take responsibility for most major areas of life
- Difficulty disagreeing with others for fear of losing their support
- Difficulty doing things on own or starting projects because of lack of self-confidence
- Doing unpleasant things as a way to obtain the approval and support of others
- Feelings of helplessness when alone because of fears of being unable to care for self
- Urgently seeking new relationship when one ends
- Preoccupation with fears of having to take care of self
True or False:
Unstructured clinical interviews are reliable measures of personality disorders
False
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Lack of capacity for close relationships, magical thinking or odd beliefs or speech, and eccentric behaviour”
Schizotypal
What does CBT target in personality disorders?
Dysfunctional thoughts, emotions and behaviours
Define
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
personality disorder defined by inordinate difficulty making decisions, hyperconcern with details and efficiency, and poor relations with others due to demands that things be done just so, as wells as the person’s unduly conventional, serious, formal and stingy emotions
Define
Cluster A
A cluster of odd, eccentric personality disorders including paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders
Definition
five personality dimensions included in the appendix of DSM-5 to help supplement diagnoses of personality disorders: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition and psychoticism
Personality trait domains
Which personality disorder is this maladaptive cognition associated with?
“It is foolish to trust anyone”
Paranoid
Define
Paranoid personality disorder
personality disorder defined by expectation of mistreatment at the hands of others, suspicion, secretiveness, jealousy, argumentativeness, unwillingness to accept blame, and cold unemotional affect
What social risk factors increase the likelihood of someone with a genetic predisposition for APD getting the disorder?
A harsh family environment and poverty
How many personality disorders does the alternative model include?
6
What is distinct about the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex of people with BPD?
Increased activity of the amygdala and diminished activity in the prefrontal cortex
Define
Avoidant personality disorder
personality disorder defined by aloofness and extreme sensitivity to potential rejection, despite an intense desire for affiliation and affection
Definition
personality disorder define by overly dramatic behaviour, emotional excess and sexually provocative behaviour
Histrionic personality disorder
Definition
a therapeutic approach to borderline personality disorder that combines client-centred empathy and acceptance with behavioural problem solving, social skills training and limit setting
Dialectical personality disorder (DBT)
Define
Schizotypal personality disorder
personality disorder defined by eccentricity, oddities of thought and perception (magical thinking, illusions, depersonalisation, derealisation), digressive speech involving over-elaborations and social isolation; under stress, behaviour may appear psychotic
Which personality disorder is this maladaptive cognition associated with?
“Relationships are more hassle than reward”
Schizotypal
Biologically, what is BPD related to?
Serotonergic dysfunction and biological risk factors for emotion dysregulation and impulsivity
What are the DSM-5 criteria for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
An intense need for order, perfection, and control, as shown by the presence of at least 4 of the following from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Preoccupation with rules, details, and organization to the extent that the point of an activity is lost
- Extreme perfectionism interferes with task completion
- Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships
- Inflexibility about morals and values
- Difficulty discarding worthless items
- Reluctance to delegate unless others conform to one’s standards
- Miserliness
- Rigidity and stubbornness
What are the facets in the detachment personality trait domain?
Anhedonia
Depressivity
Intimacy avoidance
Suspiciousness
Withdrawal
Restricted affectivity
Definition
A cluster of anxious and fearful personality disorders including avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Cluster C
Define
Personality disorder
a group of disorder involving longstanding, inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that impair social and occupational functioning
What are the facets in the negative affectivity personality trait domain?
Anxiousness
Emotional lability
Hostility
Perseveration
Separation insecurity
Submissiveness
Attachment trauma including tragic physical abuse or neglect, very early in life can do what in relation to personality disorders?
Adversly affect the brain structure and development and can lead to development of antisocial personality disorder
What are the facets in the antagonism personality trait domain?
Attention seeking
Callousness
Deceitfulness
Grandiosity
Manipulativeness
Which personality disorder is this maladaptive cognition associated with?
“I am not capable of making a decision without help and reassurance”
Dependent
Define
Dependent personality disorder
personality disorder in which people are overly concerned about maintaining relationships. People with this disorder often allow others to make decisions for them and are reluctant to make demands that could challenge relationships
What are the facets in the psychoticism personality trait domain?
Eccentricity
Cognitive-perceptual dysregulation
Unusual beliefs and experiences
What does Linehan’s model integrate?
The high rates of parental invalidation reported by people with BPD with the biological diathesis for emotional dysregulation
What are the DSM-5 criteria for borderline personality disorder?
Five or more of the following signs of instability in relationships, self-image and impulsivity from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
- Unstable interpersonal relationships in which others are either idealised or devalued
- Unstable sense of self
- Self-damaging, impulsive behaviours in at least two areas, such as spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving and binge eating
- Recurrent suicidal behaviour, gestures or self-injurious behaviour
- Marked mood reactivity
- Chronic feelings of emptiness
- Recurrent bouts of intense or poorly controlled anger
- During stress, a tendency to experience transient paranoid thoughts and dissociative symptoms
What are the DSM-5 criteria for paranoid personality disorder?
Four or more of the following signs of distrust and suspiciousness from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Unjustified suspiciousness of being harmed, deceived or exploited
- Unwarranted doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
- Reluctance to confide in others because of suspiciousness
- The tendency to read hidden messages into the benign actions of others
- Bears grudges for perceived wrongs
- Angry reactions to perceived attacks on character or reputation
- Unwarranted suspiciousness of the partner’s fidelity
What does the self-psychology theory propose?
Those with narcissistic personality disorder inflate their own self-worth to combat feelings of shame
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Excessive emotionality and attention seeking”
Histronic
Define
Dialectical personality disorder (DBT)
a therapeutic approach to borderline personality disorder that combines client-centred empathy and acceptance with behavioural problem solving, social skills training and limit setting
Which personality disorder is this maladaptive cognition associated with?
“If people get to know the real me, they will reject me”
Avoidant
True or False:
OCD and obsessive-compulsive PD are often comorbid
True
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation”
Avoidant
Define
Cluster B
A cluster of dramatic, emotional and erratic personality disorder including borderline, narcissistic, histrionic and antisocial personality disorders
Definition
personality disorder defined by expectation of mistreatment at the hands of others, suspicion, secretiveness, jealousy, argumentativeness, unwillingness to accept blame, and cold unemotional affect
Paranoid personality disorder
What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
Cluster A: Odd and Eccentric
Cluster B: Dramatic and Emotional
Cluster C: Anxious and Fearful
Which personality disorder is this maladaptive cognition associated with?
“People ask for exploitation - they let their guard down”
Antisocial
What does the social-cognitive theory of personality disorders propose?
The behaviour of the person with narcissistic personality disorder is shaped by the goal of maintaining specialness and the belief that the purpose of interpersonal interactions is to bolster self-esteem
Define
Personality trait facets
twenty-five specific personality dimensions included in the appendix of DSM-5 to provide greater detail on the personality trait domains
What are the DSM-5 criteria for narcissistic personality disorder?
Presence of five or more of the follwing signs of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Grandiose view of one’s importance
- Preoccupation with one’s success, brilliance or beauty
- Belief that one is special and can be understood only by other high-status people
- Extreme need for admiration
- Strong sense of entitlement
- Tendency to exploit others
- Lack of empathy
- Envious of others
- Arrogant behaviours or attitudes
Prospective research studies have identified which factors as predictive of antisocial behavior?
a) Peer rejection and divorce
b) Academic failure and peer avoidance
c) Poverty and exposure to violence
d) Having an incarcerated parent and poverty
c) Poverty and exposure to violence
Which personality disorder is this maladaptive cognition associated with?
“I know what’s best. If things get disorganised, horrible mistakes will happen”
Obsessive-compulsive
Unlike antisocial personality disorder, the criteria for psychopathy outlined in the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised do not require
a) affective symptoms such as lack of empathy.
b) onset of symptoms before the age of 15.
c) review by a mental health professional.
d) that the subject is a young male.
b) onset of symptoms before the age of 15.
Heinz Kohut developed a model of narcissism based on __________, a variant of psychodynamic theory.
a) social psychology
b) diathesis stress
c) object relations
d) self psychology
d) self psychology
People with borderline personality disorder show all of the following biological markers EXCEPT
a) deficits in the prefrontal cortex.
b) lower serotonin function.
c) decreased amygdala activation in emotionally-charged settings.
d) disrupted connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex.
c) decreased amygdala activation in emotionally-charged settings.
Definition
a personality syndrome related to antisocial personality disorder but defined by an absence of emotion, impulsivity, manipulativeness and irresponsibility
Psychopathy
What does psychopathy criteria focus on?
Internal experiences (such as poverty of emotion) as well as observable behaviour
Definition
personality disorder defined by the absence of concern for others’ feelings or social norms and a pervasive pattern of rule breaking
Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
Why should the treatment of BPD be done by a highly trained professional?
There is a high risk of self-harm and suicide
One issue in assessing personality disorders is whether people can accurately describe their own
a) histories.
b) personalities.
c) diagnosis.
d) treatment.
b) personalities.
In treating schizotypal personality disorder, research shows which of the following methods to be effective?
a) Psychodynamic therapy
b) Cognitive therapy
c) Dialectical behavior therapy
d) Antipsychotic medications
d) Antipsychotic medications
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image and affect, as well as marked impulsivity”
Borderline
What are the DSM-5 criteria for avoidant personality disorder?
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feeling of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to criticism as shown by 4 or more of the following from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Avoidance of occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, because of fears of criticism or disapproval
- Unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
- Restrained in intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed
- Preoccupation with being criticised or rejected
- Inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy
- Views self as socially inept, unappealing or inferior
- Unusually reluctant to try new activities because they may prove embarrassing
Definition
a group of disorder involving longstanding, inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that impair social and occupational functioning
Personality disorder
What therapies can be used to treat personality disorders?
CBT
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Schema therapy
Dialectic behavioural therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Melissa is seeing a therapist for treatment of obsessive compulsive personality disorder. The therapist is helping her examine her assumptions, such as that she is only worthwhile when she can successfully complete 100% of her daily goals, and how these assumptions can be shifted to more flexible ones. Her therapist is probably using which approach?
a) Psychodynamic
b) Family systems
c) Cognitive behavioral
d) Neuropsychological
c) Cognitive behavioral
Definition
personality disorder defined by emotional aloofness; indifference to the praise, criticism and feelings of others; maintenance of few, if any, close friendships; and solitary interests
Schizoid personality disorder
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Disregard for an violation of the rights of others”
Antisocial
What does cluster C include?
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive
In Cleckley’s description, one of the key characteristics of psychopathy is poverty of
a) positive and negative emotions.
b) positive emotions.
c) empathy.
d) rational thought.
a) positive and negative emotions.
Definition
twenty-five specific personality dimensions included in the appendix of DSM-5 to provide greater detail on the personality trait domains
Personality trait facets
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Preoccupation with order, perfection and control”
Obsessive-compulsive
Which personality disorder is this maladaptive cognition associated with?
“I am better than others and people who can’t understand that don’t deserve my time”
Narcissistic
What are the DSM-5 criteria for schizotypal personality disorder?
Five or more of the following signs of unusual thining, eccentric behaviour and interpersonal deficits from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Ideas of reference
- Odd beliefs or magical thinking, for example, belief in extrasensory perception
- Unusual perceptions
- Odd thought and speech
- Suspiciousness or paranoia
- Inappropriate or restricted affect
- Odd or eccentric behaviour or appearance
- Lack of close friends
- Social anxiety and interpersonal fears that do not diminish with familiarity
True or False:
Both genetics and environmental factors contribute to the development of personality disorers
True
Lack of what may drive the misconduct without regret as seen in psychopathy?
Lack of anxiety and empathy
Definition
A cluster of odd, eccentric personality disorders including paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders
Cluster A
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Distrust and suspiciousness of others”
Paranoid
What environmental factors are significantly correlated with 6 out of the 10 personality disorders?
Childhood abuse or neglect
What serves as a protective factor against personality disorders when negative environmental adversities have occurred?
Warm, strong, supportive relationship in the child’s life
Definition
personality disorder defined by inordinate difficulty making decisions, hyperconcern with details and efficiency, and poor relations with others due to demands that things be done just so, as wells as the person’s unduly conventional, serious, formal and stingy emotions
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder in which people are overly concerned about maintaining relationships. People with this disorder often allow others to make decisions for them and are reluctant to make demands that could challenge relationships
Dependent personality disorder
What are the DSM-5 criteria for histronic personality disorder?
Five or more of the following signs of excessive emotionality and attention seeking from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Strong need to be the centre of attention
- Inappropriate sexually seductive behaviour
- Rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
- Use of physical appearance to draw attention to self
- Speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail
- Exaggerated, theatrical emotional expression
- Overly suggestible
- Misreads relationships as more intimate than they are
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of attention”
Narcissistic
Definition
personality disorder defined by extreme selfishness and self-centredness; a grandiose view of one’s uniqueness, achievements and talents; an insatiable craving for admiration and approval from others; willingness to exploit others to achieve goals; and expectation of much more from others that one is willing to give in return
Narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
personality disorder defined by aloofness and extreme sensitivity to potential rejection, despite an intense desire for affiliation and affection
Avoidant personality disorder
Define
Cluster C
A cluster of anxious and fearful personality disorders including avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Which personality disorder is the following a key feature of?
“Detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression”
Schizoid
What does cluster A include?
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Which personality disorder is this maladaptive cognition associated with?
“People are there to admire me”
Histronic
What disorder is a more chronic version of social anxiety disorder?
Avoidant PD
What are the DSM-5 criteria for schizoid personality disorder?
Four or more of the following signs of aloofness and flat affect from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Lack of desire for or enjoyment of close relationships
- Almost always prefers solitude to companionship
- Little interest in sex
- Few or no pleasurable activities
- Lack of friends
- Indifference to praise or criticism
- Flat affect, emotional detachment or coldness
Define
Narcissistic personality disorder
personality disorder defined by extreme selfishness and self-centredness; a grandiose view of one’s uniqueness, achievements and talents; an insatiable craving for admiration and approval from others; willingness to exploit others to achieve goals; and expectation of much more from others that one is willing to give in return
Define
Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
personality disorder defined by the absence of concern for others’ feelings or social norms and a pervasive pattern of rule breaking
In which setting can personality disorders be reliably assessed?
Structured clinical interviews
What are the DSM-5 criteria for antisocial personality disorder?
- Aged at least 18
- Display evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
- Display a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others from the age of 15 as shown by at least 3 of the following:
- Repeated law breaking
- Deceitfulness, lying
- Impulsivity
- Irritability and aggressiveness
- Reckless disregard for own safety and that of others
- Irresponsibility as seen in unreliable employment or financial history
- Lack of remorse
What are the two main concerns that have emerged about the DSM-5 personality disorder approach?
- The personality disorders are not stable over time
- Substantial overlap between personality disorders
How do people with dependent PD often describe their parents?
Both overprotective and authoritarian
Which personality disorder is related to schizophrenia?
Schizotypal
Who proposed that borderline personality disorder develops when people who have difficulty controlling their emotions because of a biological diathesis are raised in a family environment that is invalidating?
a) Otto Kernberg
b) Carl Jung
c) Albert Ellis
d) Marsha Linehan
d) Marsha Linehan
Define
Schizoid personality disorder
personality disorder defined by emotional aloofness; indifference to the praise, criticism and feelings of others; maintenance of few, if any, close friendships; and solitary interests
Define
Histrionic personality disorder
personality disorder define by overly dramatic behaviour, emotional excess and sexually provocative behaviour
Definition
personality disorder characterised by impulsiveness and unpredictability, an uncertain self-image, intense and unstable social relationships, and extreme swings of mood
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Research suggests that about __________ percent of people diagnosed with a personality disorder meet the diagnostic criteria for another personality disorder.
a) 25
b) 50
c) 35
d) 15
b) 50
People with __________ personality disorder do not desire or enjoy social relationships, usually have no close friends, appear dull, rarely experience strong emotions and are indifferent to praise, or criticism.
a) narcissistic
b) schizotypal
c) schizoid
d) avoidant
c) schizoid
What are the facets in the disinhibition personality trait domain?
Distractability
Impulsivity
Irresponsibility
(Lack of) rigid perfectionism
Risk taking
Define
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
personality disorder characterised by impulsiveness and unpredictability, an uncertain self-image, intense and unstable social relationships, and extreme swings of mood
What are the negative consequence of personality disorders?
Development of addictive behaviours, social isolation and even physical health cormorbidities
How long does treatment for personality disorders last?
Longer than 1-2 years
What are the comorbid conditions that people with personality disorders often have?
Depression
Anxiety
Substance-use disorders
Other personality disorder
True or False:
Antisocial personality disorder is the diagnostic name for psychopathy
False
They are related but they differ
Linehan’s theory of borderline personality disorder focuses on which two main factors?
a) Invalidation and history of abuse
b) Emotional dysregulation and social withdrawal
c) Emotional dysregulation and invalidation
d) Family history of abuse and genetic risk factors
c) Emotional dysregulation and invalidation
Define
Personality trait domains
five personality dimensions included in the appendix of DSM-5 to help supplement diagnoses of personality disorders: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition and psychoticism
Define
Psychopathy
a personality syndrome related to antisocial personality disorder but defined by an absence of emotion, impulsivity, manipulativeness and irresponsibility
Definition
personality disorder defined by eccentricity, oddities of thought and perception (magical thinking, illusions, depersonalisation, derealisation), digressive speech involving over-elaborations and social isolation; under stress, behaviour may appear psychotic
Schizotypal personality disorder
What does the alternative model to diagnosing personality disorders include?
A dimensional system for evaluating five personality trait domains and 25 more specific personality facets
