Disorders of Childhood Flashcards
How do the symptoms of depression in children differ from those of depressed adults?
a) Children are less likely to have problems with fatigue and suicidal thoughts.
b) Children are less likely to have problems with loss of appetite or weight loss.
c) Children are more likely than adults to have problems with concentration.
d) Children are more likely than adults to have an inability to experience pleasure.
b) Children are less likely to have problems with loss of appetite or weight loss.
What is the most common cause of genetically iherited intellectual disability?
Fragile X syndrome
According to data, half of children with ADHD are diagnosed by what age?
Age 6
True or False: Nutritional deficiencies are a risk factor for ADHD
False There is a correlation but not yet proven risk factor
Which country has the highest prevalence of ADHD?
Germany - 17.8%
What are the neurobiological differences children with ADHD have when compared to children without ADHD?
- Lower grey matter density
- Smaller dopaminergic ares of the brain
- Less activation in frontal ares of the brain
- White matter abnormalities
- Reduced brain volume
- Delayed cortical maturation
- Reduced cortical thickness in adults
Define adaptive functioning
the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives
What three domains is the severity of intellectual disability assessed with?
Conceptual Social Practical
True or False: Severe early deprivation is a likely causal factor of ADHD
True
Define Theory of Mind
the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one’s own
Some of the more promising findings regarding the etiology of ADHD involve genes associated with the neurotransmitter
a) serotonin.
b) dopamine.
c) GABA.
d) norepinephrine.
b) dopamine.
Contributing factors to the etiology of aggressive and antisocial behavior in children include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) peer rejection
b) poor verbal skills
c) deviant peer group
d) lack of moral awareness
b) poor verbal skills
What is the prevalence of ADHD in Australia?
7%
The used of stimulant medication for the treatment of ADHD has shown improvements in which areas?
Concentration Goal directed activity Classroom behaviour Social interactions Reduced aggressiveness and impulsivity
Speech sound disorder, language disorder, and childhood onset fluency disorder are several of the DSM-5 terms for
a) communication disorders.
b) learning disorders.
c) learning disabilities.
d) motor skills disorders.
a) communication disorders.
True or False: A single gene is likely responsible for ADHD
False
What neurodeelopmental disorder is treated with Haloperiodol?
ASD
What age does intellectual disability begin?
Before the age of 18
Temple Grandin, a woman diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at age 3, is known, among other things, for her invention of the
a) ABA approach.
b) squeeze machine.
c) sensory gel toy.
d) 1-2-3 Magic technique.
b) squeeze machine.
Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterised by developmental deficits that produces impairments in which areas?
Personal Social Academic Occupational functioning
Which of these statements about treatments for children with autism spectrum disorder is true?
a) The benefits of medication management outweigh those of psychological treatments.
b) Outcomes are generally improved when started at a later developmental period.
c) Because of the underlying neurological etiology, biologically-based treatments are almost always needed.
d) Treatment is usually aimed at reducing unusual behavior and improving social skills.
d) Treatment is usually aimed at reducing unusual behavior and improving social skills.
Is Fragile X Syndrome more common in males or females?
Males; female carriers can have mild symtpoms
Who constructed a social-information processing theory of child behavior that focuses on how children process information about their world and how these cognitions markedly affect their behavior?
a) B.F. Skinner
b) Kenneth Dodge
c) T.E. Moffitt
d) Aaron Beck
b) Kenneth Dodge
The areas of the brain that are “overgrown” in autism are the areas linked with all of the following functions EXCEPT:
a) language.
b) motor skills.
c) social skills.
d) emotional.
b) motor skills.
According to the DSM-5, how long must symptoms be present before a child can be diagnosed with ADHD?
At least 6 months
True or False: ADHD can continue into adulthood
True
What are the three criteria in the DSM-5 for intellectual disability?
- Deficits in intellectual functioning 2. Deficits in adaptive functioning 3. Onset during development
Gregory has been diagnosed with ADHD. He was put on medication to help his symptoms. The medication he was prescribed would likely have been any of the following EXCEPT:
a) Ritalin.
b) Adderall.
c) Concerta.
d) Prozac.
d) Prozac.
Which children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder tend to have the best long-term outcomes?
a) Those with average IQs but accelerated speech prior to age 4.
b) Those with higher IQs and who learn to speak before age 6.
c) Those with minimal to no sensory sensitivity issues.
d) Those without social skill impairment and rigid behaviors.
b) Those with higher IQs and who learn to speak before age 6.
Treatments for intellectual disability include all the following EXCEPT:
a) residential treatment programs.
b) early-intervention programs using behavioral techniques.
c) surgical intervention to correct neurological deficits.
d) self-instructional training to learn problem-solving skills.
c) surgical intervention to correct neurological deficits.
The frequent peer problems seen in children with ADHD are due to all of the following EXCEPT
a) poor social skills
b) expressive speech delays
c) aggressive behavior
d) overestimating their own social abilities
b) expressive speech delays
What aspects of an individuals life is impacted by ADHD?
Education Employment Relationships Social Inclusion Criminal Activities (increased likelihood)
Genes encoding for what are suspected to be involved in ADHD?
Dopamine receptors and transporters
A child with autism differs from one who is diagnosed with intellectual disability in which of the following ways?
a) Children with autism typically have advanced cognitive abilities, where children with intellectual disability have cognitive deficits.
b) Children with autism do not display the social skill deficits often seen in intellectual disability.
c) Children with autism often have well-developed gross motor skills, where children with intellectual disability have more motor difficulties.
d) Children with autism do not have sensory sensitivities, which often occurs with intellectual disability.
c) Children with autism often have well-developed gross motor skills, where children with intellectual disability have more motor difficulties.
What changes in classroom management can be used to help children with ADHD?
Point systems Daily report cards Understanding child’s needs Peer tutoring
What are the heritability estimates of ADHD obtained from twin studies?
70-80%
Ritalin is used to treat which disorder?
ADHD
Define Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than children of the same age
What causes the variability across studies on ADHD?
Differences in: - Diagnostic criteria; source of information - Funding models - Location
What is the cause of ADHD?
We do not know the exact cause of ADHD, but researchers suspect that contributing factors may include genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors
The ASD criteria “deficits in social communication and social interactions” includes what kind of symptoms?
Not approaching others Not having a back-and-forth conversation Reduced sharing of interests and emotions Difficulty making/maintaining eye contact Not understanding facial expressions or body language Deficits in peer relationships
True or False: Autism spectrum disorder usually only effects individuals under the age of 15
False ASD is a lifelong disorder