Disorders of Childhood Flashcards by Mia Philip

How do the symptoms of depression in children differ from those of depressed adults?

a) Children are less likely to have problems with fatigue and suicidal thoughts.
b) Children are less likely to have problems with loss of appetite or weight loss.
c) Children are more likely than adults to have problems with concentration.
d) Children are more likely than adults to have an inability to experience pleasure.

b) Children are less likely to have problems with loss of appetite or weight loss.

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What is the most common cause of genetically iherited intellectual disability?

Fragile X syndrome

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According to data, half of children with ADHD are diagnosed by what age?

Age 6

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True or False: Nutritional deficiencies are a risk factor for ADHD

False There is a correlation but not yet proven risk factor

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Which country has the highest prevalence of ADHD?

Germany - 17.8%

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What are the neurobiological differences children with ADHD have when compared to children without ADHD?

Lower grey matter density
Smaller dopaminergic ares of the brain
Less activation in frontal ares of the brain
White matter abnormalities
Reduced brain volume
Delayed cortical maturation
Reduced cortical thickness in adults

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Define adaptive functioning

the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives

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What three domains is the severity of intellectual disability assessed with?

Conceptual Social Practical

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True or False: Severe early deprivation is a likely causal factor of ADHD

True

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Define Theory of Mind

the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one’s own

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Some of the more promising findings regarding the etiology of ADHD involve genes associated with the neurotransmitter

a) serotonin.
b) dopamine.
c) GABA.
d) norepinephrine.

b) dopamine.

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Contributing factors to the etiology of aggressive and antisocial behavior in children include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) peer rejection
b) poor verbal skills
c) deviant peer group
d) lack of moral awareness

b) poor verbal skills

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What is the prevalence of ADHD in Australia?

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The used of stimulant medication for the treatment of ADHD has shown improvements in which areas?

Concentration Goal directed activity Classroom behaviour Social interactions Reduced aggressiveness and impulsivity

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Speech sound disorder, language disorder, and childhood onset fluency disorder are several of the DSM-5 terms for

a) communication disorders.
b) learning disorders.
c) learning disabilities.
d) motor skills disorders.

a) communication disorders.

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True or False: A single gene is likely responsible for ADHD

False

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What neurodeelopmental disorder is treated with Haloperiodol?

ASD

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What age does intellectual disability begin?

Before the age of 18

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Temple Grandin, a woman diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at age 3, is known, among other things, for her invention of the

a) ABA approach.
b) squeeze machine.
c) sensory gel toy.
d) 1-2-3 Magic technique.

b) squeeze machine.

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Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterised by developmental deficits that produces impairments in which areas?

Personal Social Academic Occupational functioning

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Which of these statements about treatments for children with autism spectrum disorder is true?

a) The benefits of medication management outweigh those of psychological treatments.
b) Outcomes are generally improved when started at a later developmental period.
c) Because of the underlying neurological etiology, biologically-based treatments are almost always needed.
d) Treatment is usually aimed at reducing unusual behavior and improving social skills.

d) Treatment is usually aimed at reducing unusual behavior and improving social skills.

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Is Fragile X Syndrome more common in males or females?

Males; female carriers can have mild symtpoms

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Who constructed a social-information processing theory of child behavior that focuses on how children process information about their world and how these cognitions markedly affect their behavior?

a) B.F. Skinner
b) Kenneth Dodge
c) T.E. Moffitt
d) Aaron Beck

b) Kenneth Dodge

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The areas of the brain that are “overgrown” in autism are the areas linked with all of the following functions EXCEPT:

a) language.
b) motor skills.
c) social skills.
d) emotional.

b) motor skills.

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According to the DSM-5, how long must symptoms be present before a child can be diagnosed with ADHD?

At least 6 months

True or False: ADHD can continue into adulthood

True

What are the three criteria in the DSM-5 for intellectual disability?

1. Deficits in intellectual functioning 2. Deficits in adaptive functioning 3. Onset during development

Gregory has been diagnosed with ADHD. He was put on medication to help his symptoms. The medication he was prescribed would likely have been any of the following EXCEPT: a) Ritalin. b) Adderall. c) Concerta. d) Prozac.

d) Prozac.

Which children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder tend to have the best long-term outcomes? a) Those with average IQs but accelerated speech prior to age 4. b) Those with higher IQs and who learn to speak before age 6. c) Those with minimal to no sensory sensitivity issues. d) Those without social skill impairment and rigid behaviors.

b) Those with higher IQs and who learn to speak before age 6.

Treatments for intellectual disability include all the following EXCEPT: a) residential treatment programs. b) early-intervention programs using behavioral techniques. c) surgical intervention to correct neurological deficits. d) self-instructional training to learn problem-solving skills.

c) surgical intervention to correct neurological deficits.

The frequent peer problems seen in children with ADHD are due to all of the following EXCEPT a) poor social skills b) expressive speech delays c) aggressive behavior d) overestimating their own social abilities

b) expressive speech delays

What aspects of an individuals life is impacted by ADHD?

Education Employment Relationships Social Inclusion Criminal Activities (increased likelihood)

Genes encoding for what are suspected to be involved in ADHD?

Dopamine receptors and transporters

A child with autism differs from one who is diagnosed with intellectual disability in which of the following ways? a) Children with autism typically have advanced cognitive abilities, where children with intellectual disability have cognitive deficits. b) Children with autism do not display the social skill deficits often seen in intellectual disability. c) Children with autism often have well-developed gross motor skills, where children with intellectual disability have more motor difficulties. d) Children with autism do not have sensory sensitivities, which often occurs with intellectual disability.

c) Children with autism often have well-developed gross motor skills, where children with intellectual disability have more motor difficulties.

What changes in classroom management can be used to help children with ADHD?

Point systems Daily report cards Understanding child's needs Peer tutoring

What are the heritability estimates of ADHD obtained from twin studies?

70-80%

Ritalin is used to treat which disorder?

ADHD

Define Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than children of the same age

What causes the variability across studies on ADHD?

Differences in: - Diagnostic criteria; source of information - Funding models - Location

What is the cause of ADHD?

We do not know the exact cause of ADHD, but researchers suspect that contributing factors may include genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors

The ASD criteria "deficits in social communication and social interactions" includes what kind of symptoms?

Not approaching others Not having a back-and-forth conversation Reduced sharing of interests and emotions Difficulty making/maintaining eye contact Not understanding facial expressions or body language Deficits in peer relationships

True or False: Autism spectrum disorder usually only effects individuals under the age of 15

False ASD is a lifelong disorder

The most prevalent childhood disorders are often categorized as a) active and inactive. b) developmental and gestational. c) externalizing and internalizing. d) neurotic and psychotic.

c) externalizing and internalizing.

True or False: The setting that symptoms occur in doesn't matter when diagnosing ADHD

False Impairment from the symptoms in two or more setting is required

Define Intellectual Disability

a disorder characterised as having deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour, with onset during the course of development

True or False: Maternal smoking causes ADHD

False It is a risk factor but not a proven cause

What age do symptoms of ASD tend to start being noticeable?

Age 2

Why are there inconsistent findings on age of onset of ADHD?

It is difficult to determine what is typical behaviour in children

Define Down Syndrome

a congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities including short stature and a broad facial profile. It arises from a defect involving chromosome 21, usually an extra copy (trisomy-21)

True or False: Researchers have suggested that children with ASD have a deficit in theory of mind

True

According to the DSM-5, what age must symptom start for a child to be diagnosed with ADHD?

Before the age of 12

True or False: Low birth weight and prematurity are a risk factor for ADHD

True

Problems with processing spoken and written language have been implicated in the etiology of dyslexia, with many of these processes falling under what is known as a) phonics identification. b) letter-sound accuracy. c) phonological awareness. d) sequencing ability.

c) phonological awareness.

True or False: Intensive behaviour treatment is not as effective as combined treatment approaches (e.g. medication + behavioural)

False Similar results are seen using intensive behavioural treatment and combined treatments

According to the DSM-5, how many symptoms are required before a child can be diagnosed with ADHD?

6 or more symptoms

What behavioural treatment is used for ASD?

Applied behaviour analysis (ABA) Intensive operant conditioning

What are the main characteristics of Down Syndrome?

Weakness in verbal abilities and characteristic facial features

What is the genetic cause of Williams syndrome?

A deletion of multiple gene of chromsome 7

One of the difficult diagnostic issues facing mental health professionals is distinguishing __________ disorders from ADHD because agitated behavior can be a sign of both. a) bipolar b) personality c) depressive d) obsessive-compulsive

a) bipolar

How is Williams syndrome diagnosed?

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) which assesses whether elastin gene is present

What percentage of individuals with Fragile X syndrome also have ADHD?

80%

Which country has the lowest prevalence of ADHD?

Sweden - 3%

Define Synaptic Pruning

the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions

True or False: Pharmacological treatment of ASD is very effective

False It is not very effective...

True or False: Organophosphate pesticides are a risk factor for ADHD

True

What percentage of individuals with Fragile X syndrome also have diagnosable ASD?

50%

Define Neurodevelopmental disorder

a group of disorders in which the development of the central nervous system is disturbed. This can include developmental brain dysfunction, which can manifest as neuropsychiatric problems or impaired motor function, learning, language or non-verbal communication

True or False: Lead exposure can cause ADHD

False It is a risk factor but not a proven cause

What is the heritability of ASD?

80%

True or False: ADHD effects girls and boys equally

False ADHD is three times more common in boys than girls

True or False: Maternal stress causes ADHD

False It is a risk factor but not a proven cause

The DSM-5 defines the severity level of intellectual disability based on a) the person’s IQ score, with lower scores corresponding to greater severity. b) general cognitive functioning, in addition to social and practical functioning. c) the degree of social and practical deficits present, regardless of IQ score. d) the specific cause of the intellectual disability.

b) general cognitive functioning, in addition to social and practical functioning.

What genetics or chromosomal abnormalities contribute to intellectual disability?

Down Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Williams Syndrome

True or False: Eye tracking studies have found that people with ASD spend more time looking at other people's faces

False They spend less time looking at faces

Define Fragile X Syndrome

an inherited condition characterized by an X chromosome that is abnormally susceptible to damage, especially by folic acid deficiency. Affected individuals tend to have limited intellectual functions

What is the likely cause of the increase in early brain growth and size in young children with ASD?

Failure of synaptic pruning

What is the genetic cause of Fragile X Syndrome?

Silencing of a single gene on the X chromosome

Which person is a leading clinical researcher at UCLA who conducted an intensive operant-conditioning-based program of behavioral treatment with young children with autism? a) Ivar Lovaas b) Aaron Beck c) James Watson d) B.F. Skinner

a) Ivar Lovaas

True or False: Birth weight does not act as a predictor of ADHD

False Low birth weight is a pre-natal risk factor

Define Haloperidol

a synthetic antidepressant drug used chiefly in the treatment of psychotic conditions and autism spectrum disorder

What percentage of children with ADHD still meet criteria when adolescents?

65-80%

True or False: No two ASD presentations are likely to have the same underlying genetic and biological cause

True

What are the triad of impairments seen in individuals with ASD?

Social and emotional disturbance Communication deficits Repetitive an ritualistic acts

Define Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that begins early in life which includes major symptoms such as difficulties relating to others, communication problems and repetitive behaviours. The number of children with ASD has risen in recent years

What is the most common childhood disorder?

ADHD

Children with autism spectrum disorder show which of the following language disturbances? a) Stuttering b) Echolocation c) Pronoun reversal d) Tangentiality

c) Pronoun reversal

Family studies that examine the genetic etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) suggest that a) siblings of children with ASD show no greater risk of also being on the autism spectrum. b) siblings of children with ASD also have ASD in about 90% of cases. c) unaffected siblings of children with ASD typically show no symptoms resembling ASD. d) unaffected siblings of children with ASD still often have social communication deficits.

d) unaffected siblings of children with ASD still often have social communication deficits.

What are the two main methods of treatment for children with ADHD?

Medication Behavioural therapies

True or False: Children with ASD under the age of 4 have a larger head than normal

True

What factors must a clinician consider when diagnosing a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder?

- The same or similar symptoms can present across different disorders - What is typical for a child of a particular age - Comorbidity

Define Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA)

a type of therapy that focuses on improving specific behaviors, such as social skills, communication, reading, and academics as well as adaptive learning skills, such as fine motor dexterity, hygiene, grooming, domestic capabilities, punctuality, and job competence

True or False: Severity of ADHD symptoms reduces with age

True

Who can diagnose ADHD in children?

Pediatrician Child psychologist/psychiatrist

Define Ritalin

a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy

Stimulant medications for ADHD can have unpleasant side effects, and sometimes serious ones like a) liver damage. b) cardiovascular risks. c) permanent brain injury. d) peripheral neuropathy.

b) cardiovascular risks.

What is the genetic cause of Down Syndrome?

Trisomy 21

Which drug, commonly used to treat problem behaviors in children with autism, has shown potentially serious side effects such as jerky muscle disturbances? a) Prozac b) Naltrexone c) Zoloft d) Haloperidol

d) Haloperidol

Define Williams Syndrome

a developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body. This condition is characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning problems, unique personality characteristics, distinctive facial features, and heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) problems

In order to be diagnosed with ASD, individuals must satisfy which criteria?

A. Deficits in social communication and interactions B. Restricted, repetitive behaviour patterns, interests, or activities C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning E. These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay

What are three examples of neurodevelopmental disorders?

ADHD Autism spectrum disorder Intellectual disability

What are the three main symptoms of ADHD?

Inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity

True or False: Individuals with ADHD are more likely to have depression and/or anxiety

True

Which false belief tasks are commonly used to diagnose ASD?

Sally Ann task Smarties task

Which gene is affected in Fragile X Syndrome?

fMRI gene

What are the proven environmental causes of ASD?

There are no proven causes However, increased testosterone exposure has been linked to ASD

What changes were made to the DSM-5 regarding ADHD?

- Age of onset was changed from under 7 to under age 12 - Adults only need to show symptoms in 5 domains rather than the 6 required for children - Three specifiers are included to indicate which symptoms predominate (i.e. Inattentive, Hyperactive-Impulsive, Combined) - A comorbid diagnosis with autism spectrum disorder is now allowed

Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents has been found to produce more rapid reduction of symptoms when delivered in a(n) __________ setting. a) outpatient office b) family c) hospital d) school

d) school