Disorders of Childhood Flashcards
How do the symptoms of depression in children differ from those of depressed adults?
a) Children are less likely to have problems with fatigue and suicidal thoughts.
b) Children are less likely to have problems with loss of appetite or weight loss.
c) Children are more likely than adults to have problems with concentration.
d) Children are more likely than adults to have an inability to experience pleasure.
b) Children are less likely to have problems with loss of appetite or weight loss.
What is the most common cause of genetically iherited intellectual disability?
Fragile X syndrome
According to data, half of children with ADHD are diagnosed by what age?
Age 6
True or False: Nutritional deficiencies are a risk factor for ADHD
False There is a correlation but not yet proven risk factor
Which country has the highest prevalence of ADHD?
Germany - 17.8%
What are the neurobiological differences children with ADHD have when compared to children without ADHD?
- Lower grey matter density
- Smaller dopaminergic ares of the brain
- Less activation in frontal ares of the brain
- White matter abnormalities
- Reduced brain volume
- Delayed cortical maturation
- Reduced cortical thickness in adults
Define adaptive functioning
the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives
What three domains is the severity of intellectual disability assessed with?
Conceptual Social Practical
True or False: Severe early deprivation is a likely causal factor of ADHD
True
Define Theory of Mind
the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one’s own
Some of the more promising findings regarding the etiology of ADHD involve genes associated with the neurotransmitter
a) serotonin.
b) dopamine.
c) GABA.
d) norepinephrine.
b) dopamine.
Contributing factors to the etiology of aggressive and antisocial behavior in children include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) peer rejection
b) poor verbal skills
c) deviant peer group
d) lack of moral awareness
b) poor verbal skills
What is the prevalence of ADHD in Australia?
7%
The used of stimulant medication for the treatment of ADHD has shown improvements in which areas?
Concentration Goal directed activity Classroom behaviour Social interactions Reduced aggressiveness and impulsivity
Speech sound disorder, language disorder, and childhood onset fluency disorder are several of the DSM-5 terms for
a) communication disorders.
b) learning disorders.
c) learning disabilities.
d) motor skills disorders.
a) communication disorders.
True or False: A single gene is likely responsible for ADHD
False
What neurodeelopmental disorder is treated with Haloperiodol?
ASD
What age does intellectual disability begin?
Before the age of 18
Temple Grandin, a woman diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at age 3, is known, among other things, for her invention of the
a) ABA approach.
b) squeeze machine.
c) sensory gel toy.
d) 1-2-3 Magic technique.
b) squeeze machine.
Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterised by developmental deficits that produces impairments in which areas?
Personal Social Academic Occupational functioning
Which of these statements about treatments for children with autism spectrum disorder is true?
a) The benefits of medication management outweigh those of psychological treatments.
b) Outcomes are generally improved when started at a later developmental period.
c) Because of the underlying neurological etiology, biologically-based treatments are almost always needed.
d) Treatment is usually aimed at reducing unusual behavior and improving social skills.
d) Treatment is usually aimed at reducing unusual behavior and improving social skills.
Is Fragile X Syndrome more common in males or females?
Males; female carriers can have mild symtpoms
Who constructed a social-information processing theory of child behavior that focuses on how children process information about their world and how these cognitions markedly affect their behavior?
a) B.F. Skinner
b) Kenneth Dodge
c) T.E. Moffitt
d) Aaron Beck
b) Kenneth Dodge
The areas of the brain that are “overgrown” in autism are the areas linked with all of the following functions EXCEPT:
a) language.
b) motor skills.
c) social skills.
d) emotional.
b) motor skills.
According to the DSM-5, how long must symptoms be present before a child can be diagnosed with ADHD?
At least 6 months
True or False: ADHD can continue into adulthood
True
What are the three criteria in the DSM-5 for intellectual disability?
- Deficits in intellectual functioning 2. Deficits in adaptive functioning 3. Onset during development
Gregory has been diagnosed with ADHD. He was put on medication to help his symptoms. The medication he was prescribed would likely have been any of the following EXCEPT:
a) Ritalin.
b) Adderall.
c) Concerta.
d) Prozac.
d) Prozac.
Which children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder tend to have the best long-term outcomes?
a) Those with average IQs but accelerated speech prior to age 4.
b) Those with higher IQs and who learn to speak before age 6.
c) Those with minimal to no sensory sensitivity issues.
d) Those without social skill impairment and rigid behaviors.
b) Those with higher IQs and who learn to speak before age 6.
Treatments for intellectual disability include all the following EXCEPT:
a) residential treatment programs.
b) early-intervention programs using behavioral techniques.
c) surgical intervention to correct neurological deficits.
d) self-instructional training to learn problem-solving skills.
c) surgical intervention to correct neurological deficits.
The frequent peer problems seen in children with ADHD are due to all of the following EXCEPT
a) poor social skills
b) expressive speech delays
c) aggressive behavior
d) overestimating their own social abilities
b) expressive speech delays
What aspects of an individuals life is impacted by ADHD?
Education Employment Relationships Social Inclusion Criminal Activities (increased likelihood)
Genes encoding for what are suspected to be involved in ADHD?
Dopamine receptors and transporters
A child with autism differs from one who is diagnosed with intellectual disability in which of the following ways?
a) Children with autism typically have advanced cognitive abilities, where children with intellectual disability have cognitive deficits.
b) Children with autism do not display the social skill deficits often seen in intellectual disability.
c) Children with autism often have well-developed gross motor skills, where children with intellectual disability have more motor difficulties.
d) Children with autism do not have sensory sensitivities, which often occurs with intellectual disability.
c) Children with autism often have well-developed gross motor skills, where children with intellectual disability have more motor difficulties.
What changes in classroom management can be used to help children with ADHD?
Point systems Daily report cards Understanding child’s needs Peer tutoring
What are the heritability estimates of ADHD obtained from twin studies?
70-80%
Ritalin is used to treat which disorder?
ADHD
Define Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than children of the same age
What causes the variability across studies on ADHD?
Differences in: - Diagnostic criteria; source of information - Funding models - Location
What is the cause of ADHD?
We do not know the exact cause of ADHD, but researchers suspect that contributing factors may include genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors
The ASD criteria “deficits in social communication and social interactions” includes what kind of symptoms?
Not approaching others Not having a back-and-forth conversation Reduced sharing of interests and emotions Difficulty making/maintaining eye contact Not understanding facial expressions or body language Deficits in peer relationships
True or False: Autism spectrum disorder usually only effects individuals under the age of 15
False ASD is a lifelong disorder
The most prevalent childhood disorders are often categorized as
a) active and inactive.
b) developmental and gestational.
c) externalizing and internalizing.
d) neurotic and psychotic.
c) externalizing and internalizing.
True or False: The setting that symptoms occur in doesn’t matter when diagnosing ADHD
False Impairment from the symptoms in two or more setting is required
Define Intellectual Disability
a disorder characterised as having deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour, with onset during the course of development
True or False: Maternal smoking causes ADHD
False It is a risk factor but not a proven cause
What age do symptoms of ASD tend to start being noticeable?
Age 2
Why are there inconsistent findings on age of onset of ADHD?
It is difficult to determine what is typical behaviour in children
Define Down Syndrome
a congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities including short stature and a broad facial profile. It arises from a defect involving chromosome 21, usually an extra copy (trisomy-21)
True or False: Researchers have suggested that children with ASD have a deficit in theory of mind
True
According to the DSM-5, what age must symptom start for a child to be diagnosed with ADHD?
Before the age of 12
True or False: Low birth weight and prematurity are a risk factor for ADHD
True
Problems with processing spoken and written language have been implicated in the etiology of dyslexia, with many of these processes falling under what is known as
a) phonics identification.
b) letter-sound accuracy.
c) phonological awareness.
d) sequencing ability.
c) phonological awareness.
True or False: Intensive behaviour treatment is not as effective as combined treatment approaches (e.g. medication + behavioural)
False Similar results are seen using intensive behavioural treatment and combined treatments
According to the DSM-5, how many symptoms are required before a child can be diagnosed with ADHD?
6 or more symptoms
What behavioural treatment is used for ASD?
Applied behaviour analysis (ABA) Intensive operant conditioning
What are the main characteristics of Down Syndrome?
Weakness in verbal abilities and characteristic facial features
What is the genetic cause of Williams syndrome?
A deletion of multiple gene of chromsome 7
One of the difficult diagnostic issues facing mental health professionals is distinguishing __________ disorders from ADHD because agitated behavior can be a sign of both.
a) bipolar
b) personality
c) depressive
d) obsessive-compulsive
a) bipolar
How is Williams syndrome diagnosed?
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) which assesses whether elastin gene is present
What percentage of individuals with Fragile X syndrome also have ADHD?
80%
Which country has the lowest prevalence of ADHD?
Sweden - 3%
Define Synaptic Pruning
the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions
True or False: Pharmacological treatment of ASD is very effective
False It is not very effective…
True or False: Organophosphate pesticides are a risk factor for ADHD
True
What percentage of individuals with Fragile X syndrome also have diagnosable ASD?
50%
Define Neurodevelopmental disorder
a group of disorders in which the development of the central nervous system is disturbed. This can include developmental brain dysfunction, which can manifest as neuropsychiatric problems or impaired motor function, learning, language or non-verbal communication
True or False: Lead exposure can cause ADHD
False It is a risk factor but not a proven cause
What is the heritability of ASD?
80%
True or False: ADHD effects girls and boys equally
False ADHD is three times more common in boys than girls
True or False: Maternal stress causes ADHD
False It is a risk factor but not a proven cause
The DSM-5 defines the severity level of intellectual disability based on
a) the person’s IQ score, with lower scores corresponding to greater severity.
b) general cognitive functioning, in addition to social and practical functioning.
c) the degree of social and practical deficits present, regardless of IQ score.
d) the specific cause of the intellectual disability.
b) general cognitive functioning, in addition to social and practical functioning.
What genetics or chromosomal abnormalities contribute to intellectual disability?
Down Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Williams Syndrome
True or False: Eye tracking studies have found that people with ASD spend more time looking at other people’s faces
False They spend less time looking at faces
Define Fragile X Syndrome
an inherited condition characterized by an X chromosome that is abnormally susceptible to damage, especially by folic acid deficiency. Affected individuals tend to have limited intellectual functions
What is the likely cause of the increase in early brain growth and size in young children with ASD?
Failure of synaptic pruning
What is the genetic cause of Fragile X Syndrome?
Silencing of a single gene on the X chromosome
Which person is a leading clinical researcher at UCLA who conducted an intensive operant-conditioning-based program of behavioral treatment with young children with autism?
a) Ivar Lovaas
b) Aaron Beck
c) James Watson
d) B.F. Skinner
a) Ivar Lovaas
True or False: Birth weight does not act as a predictor of ADHD
False Low birth weight is a pre-natal risk factor
Define Haloperidol
a synthetic antidepressant drug used chiefly in the treatment of psychotic conditions and autism spectrum disorder
What percentage of children with ADHD still meet criteria when adolescents?
65-80%
True or False: No two ASD presentations are likely to have the same underlying genetic and biological cause
True
What are the triad of impairments seen in individuals with ASD?
Social and emotional disturbance Communication deficits Repetitive an ritualistic acts
Define Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a disorder that begins early in life which includes major symptoms such as difficulties relating to others, communication problems and repetitive behaviours. The number of children with ASD has risen in recent years
What is the most common childhood disorder?
ADHD
Children with autism spectrum disorder show which of the following language disturbances?
a) Stuttering
b) Echolocation
c) Pronoun reversal
d) Tangentiality
c) Pronoun reversal
Family studies that examine the genetic etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) suggest that
a) siblings of children with ASD show no greater risk of also being on the autism spectrum.
b) siblings of children with ASD also have ASD in about 90% of cases.
c) unaffected siblings of children with ASD typically show no symptoms resembling ASD.
d) unaffected siblings of children with ASD still often have social communication deficits.
d) unaffected siblings of children with ASD still often have social communication deficits.
What are the two main methods of treatment for children with ADHD?
Medication Behavioural therapies
True or False: Children with ASD under the age of 4 have a larger head than normal
True
What factors must a clinician consider when diagnosing a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder?
- The same or similar symptoms can present across different disorders - What is typical for a child of a particular age - Comorbidity
Define Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA)
a type of therapy that focuses on improving specific behaviors, such as social skills, communication, reading, and academics as well as adaptive learning skills, such as fine motor dexterity, hygiene, grooming, domestic capabilities, punctuality, and job competence
True or False: Severity of ADHD symptoms reduces with age
True
Who can diagnose ADHD in children?
Pediatrician Child psychologist/psychiatrist
Define Ritalin
a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy
Stimulant medications for ADHD can have unpleasant side effects, and sometimes serious ones like
a) liver damage.
b) cardiovascular risks.
c) permanent brain injury.
d) peripheral neuropathy.
b) cardiovascular risks.
What is the genetic cause of Down Syndrome?
Trisomy 21
Which drug, commonly used to treat problem behaviors in children with autism, has shown potentially serious side effects such as jerky muscle disturbances?
a) Prozac
b) Naltrexone
c) Zoloft
d) Haloperidol
d) Haloperidol
Define Williams Syndrome
a developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body. This condition is characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning problems, unique personality characteristics, distinctive facial features, and heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) problems
In order to be diagnosed with ASD, individuals must satisfy which criteria?
A. Deficits in social communication and interactions B. Restricted, repetitive behaviour patterns, interests, or activities C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning E. These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay
What are three examples of neurodevelopmental disorders?
ADHD Autism spectrum disorder Intellectual disability
What are the three main symptoms of ADHD?
Inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity
True or False: Individuals with ADHD are more likely to have depression and/or anxiety
True
Which false belief tasks are commonly used to diagnose ASD?
Sally Ann task Smarties task
Which gene is affected in Fragile X Syndrome?
fMRI gene
What are the proven environmental causes of ASD?
There are no proven causes However, increased testosterone exposure has been linked to ASD
What changes were made to the DSM-5 regarding ADHD?
- Age of onset was changed from under 7 to under age 12 - Adults only need to show symptoms in 5 domains rather than the 6 required for children - Three specifiers are included to indicate which symptoms predominate (i.e. Inattentive, Hyperactive-Impulsive, Combined) - A comorbid diagnosis with autism spectrum disorder is now allowed
Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents has been found to produce more rapid reduction of symptoms when delivered in a(n) __________ setting.
a) outpatient office
b) family
c) hospital
d) school
d) school
