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PSY3032 > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How long do the symptoms of panic disorder need to be present before a diagnosis can be made?

A

One month

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2
Q

Define

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

a disorder characterised by chronic, persistent anxiety and worry

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3
Q

Define

In vivo exposure

A

real-life exposure to the object or situation that is feared, such as exposure to a phobia (such as a snake) or returning to the location where the traumatic event has taken place

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4
Q

Definition

any of several drugs commonly used to treat anxiety, such as Valium and Xanax

A

Benzodiazepines

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5
Q

Definition

an alteration in perception of the self in which the individual loses a sense of reality and feels estranged from the self and perhaps separated from the body; may be a temporary reaction to stress and fatigue or part of panic disorder, depersonalization disorder or schizophrenia

A

Depersonalisation

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6
Q

Classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to bodily sensations is called what?

A

Interoceptive conditioning

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7
Q

Definition

Minor tranquilizers or benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety disorders

A

Anxiolytics

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8
Q

What two steps does Mowrer’s model suggests are required for the development of an anxiety disorder?

A
  1. Through classical conditioning, a person learns to fear a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus or CS) that is paired with an intrinsically aversive stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus or UCS)
  2. A person gains relief by avoiding the CS. Through operant conditioning, this avoidant response is maintained because it is reinforced
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9
Q

Define

Fear

A

a reaction to real or perceived immediate danger in the present; can involved arousal or sympathetic nervous system activity

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10
Q

Which anxiety disorder does this description fit?

Uncontrollable worry

A

Generalised anxiety disorder

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11
Q

Define

Panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which the individual has sudden, inexplicable and frequent panic attacks

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12
Q

What treatment is most effective for social anxiety disorder?

A

Exposure therapies and cognitive strategies, such as teaching a person to focus less on internal thoughts and sensations

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13
Q

Define

Dissociation

A

a process whereby a group of mental processes is split off from the main stream of consciousness or behaviour loses its relationship with the rest of the personality

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14
Q

A well-validated treatment approach for panic disorder, based on the tendency of people with panic disorder to overreact to bodily sensations, is called

a) EMDR
b) PCT
c) ERP
d) ACT

A

b) PCT

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15
Q

What is the most validated psychological treatment for anxiety disorders?

A

Exposure treatment

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16
Q

Definition

disorders in which fear or anxiety is overriding; including phobic disorders, social anxiety disorders, panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder and agoraphobia

A

Anxiety disorders

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17
Q

Define

Benzodiazepines

A

any of several drugs commonly used to treat anxiety, such as Valium and Xanax

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18
Q

Define

Mowrer’s two-factor model

A

Mowrer’s theory of avoidance learning according to which (1) fear is attached to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a noxious unconditioned stimulus and (2) a person learns to escape the fear elicited by the conditioned stimulus, thereby avoiding the unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Define

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

A

any of various drugs that inhibit the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, such that both neurotransmitters with have more prolonged effects on postsynaptic neurons

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20
Q

Which brain structures make up the fear circuit?

A

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Locus coeruleus

Medial prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

Define

Fear circuit

A

set of brain structures, including the amygdala, that tend to be activated when the individual is feeling anxious or fearful; especially active among people with anxiety disorders

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22
Q

Define

Behavioural inhibition

A

the tendency to exhibit anxiety or to freeze when facing threat. In infants, it manifests as a tendency to become agitated and cry when facing novel stimuli and may be a heritable predisposition for the development of anxiety disorders

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23
Q

Definition

a reaction to real or perceived immediate danger in the present; can involved arousal or sympathetic nervous system activity

A

Fear

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24
Q

Definition

the tendency to exhibit anxiety or to freeze when facing threat. In infants, it manifests as a tendency to become agitated and cry when facing novel stimuli and may be a heritable predisposition for the development of anxiety disorders

A

Behavioural inhibition

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25
Q

Which anxiety disorder does this description fit?

Anxiety about recurrent panic attacks

A

Panic disorder

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26
Q

Define

Panic attack

A

a sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror and impending doom, accompanied by symptoms such as labored breathing, nausea, chest pain, feelings of choking and smothering, heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating and trembling

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27
Q

Many of the treatments for anxiety disorders share an emphasis on

a) talking about the past.
b) understanding irrational thoughts.
c) exposure.
d) hypnosis.

A

c) exposure.

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28
Q

Define

Prepared learning

A

in classical conditioning theory, a biological predisposition to associate particular stimuli readily with the unconditioned stimulus

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29
Q

Specific phobia

A

an unwarranted fear and avoidance of a specific object or circumstance, for example, fear of non-poisonous snakes or fears of heights

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30
Q

Which anxiety disorder does this description fit?

Fear of unfamiliar people or social scrutiny

A

Social anxiety disorder

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31
Q

Definition

set of brain structures, including the amygdala, that tend to be activated when the individual is feeling anxious or fearful; especially active among people with anxiety disorders

A

Fear circuit

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32
Q

Which anxiety disorder does this description fit?

Fear of objects or situations that is out of proportion to any real danger

A

Specific phobia

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33
Q

Define

Media prefrontal cortex

A

a region of the cortex in the anterior frontal lobes involved in executive function and emotion regulation that is implicated in mood and anxiety disorders

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34
Q

Definition

treatment for anxiety disorders that involves visualizing feared scenes for extended periods of time; frequently used in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder when in vivo exposure to the initial trauma cannot be conducted

A

Imaginal exposure

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35
Q

Definition

Mowrer’s theory of avoidance learning according to which (1) fear is attached to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a noxious unconditioned stimulus and (2) a person learns to escape the fear elicited by the conditioned stimulus, thereby avoiding the unconditioned stimulus

A

Mowrer’s two-factor model

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36
Q

Definition

real-life exposure to the object or situation that is feared, such as exposure to a phobia (such as a snake) or returning to the location where the traumatic event has taken place

A

In vivo exposure

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37
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for panic disorder?

A
  • People with panic disorder experience recurrent unexpected panic attacks
  • Panic disorder can be diagnosed if the person experiences at least one month of concern or worry about the possibility of more attacks occurring or the consequences of an attack, or maladaptive behavioural changes because of the attacks
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38
Q

Definition

an unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension accompanied by increased physiological arousal; can be assessed by self-report, measuring physiological arousal and observing overt behaviour

A

Anxiety

39
Q

Definition

a region of the cortex in the anterior frontal lobes involved in executive function and emotion regulation that is implicated in mood and anxiety disorders

A

Media prefrontal cortex

40
Q

Which trait seen in babies may set the stage for the later development of anxiety disorders?

A

Behavioural inhibition

41
Q

Define

Imaginal exposure

A

treatment for anxiety disorders that involves visualizing feared scenes for extended periods of time; frequently used in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder when in vivo exposure to the initial trauma cannot be conducted

42
Q

Roughly what percentage of people with an anxiety disorder also have major depression?

A

60%

43
Q

Definition

a disorder characterised by chronic, persistent anxiety and worry

A

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

44
Q

Define

Social anxiety disorder

A

a collection of fears linked to the presence of other people

45
Q

What are the typical features of the medial prefrontal cortex of people with anxiety disorders?

A

Reduced activity levels

46
Q

Define

Agoraphobia

A

literally, fear of the marketplace; anxiety disorder in which the person fears situations in which it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if panic symptoms occurred; most commonly diagnosed in some individuals with panic disorder

47
Q

Definition

a cognitive model for the aetiology of agoraphobia; suggests the condition is driven by negative thoughts about the consequences of having a panic attack in public

A

Fear-of-fear hypothesis

48
Q

Definition

in classical conditioning theory, a biological predisposition to associate particular stimuli readily with the unconditioned stimulus

A

Prepared learning

49
Q

What is the gender difference when it comes to anxiety disorders?

A

Women are more vulnerable to anxiety disorders than men

50
Q

Definition

literally, fear of the marketplace; anxiety disorder in which the person fears situations in which it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if panic symptoms occurred; most commonly diagnosed in some individuals with panic disorder

A

Agoraphobia

51
Q

Define

Anxiety disorders

A

disorders in which fear or anxiety is overriding; including phobic disorders, social anxiety disorders, panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder and agoraphobia

52
Q

Define

Derealisation

A

loss of the sense that the surroundings are real; present in several psychological disorders, such as panic disorders, depersonalization disorder and schizophrenia

53
Q

True or False:

At least half of all people with agoraphobia symptoms do not experience panic attacks

A

True

54
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety?

A
  • People with social anxiety disorder have a marked and disproportionate fear consistently triggered by exposure to potential social scrutiny
  • Exposure to trigger situations leads to intense anxiety about being evaluated negatively - these situations are avoided or else endured with intense anxiety
55
Q

Define

Fear-of-fear hypothesis

A

a cognitive model for the aetiology of agoraphobia; suggests the condition is driven by negative thoughts about the consequences of having a panic attack in public

56
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for specific phobia?

A
  • A phobia is a marked and disproportionate fear consistently triggered by specific objects or situations
  • The object or situation is avoided or else endured with intense anxiety
57
Q

Define

Safety behaviours

A

behaviours used to avoid experiencing anxiety in feared situations, such as the tendency of people with social phobia to avoid looking at other people (so as to avoid perceiving negative feedback) or the tendency of people with panic disorder to avoid exercise (so as to avoid somatic arousal that could trigger a panic attack)

58
Q

Define

Depersonalisation

A

an alteration in perception of the self in which the individual loses a sense of reality and feels estranged from the self and perhaps separated from the body; may be a temporary reaction to stress and fatigue or part of panic disorder, depersonalization disorder or schizophrenia

59
Q

Define

Anxiolytics

A

Minor tranquilizers or benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety disorders

60
Q

Which brain structure is implicated in panic disorder?

A

Locus coeruleus

61
Q

Definition

a process whereby a group of mental processes is split off from the main stream of consciousness or behaviour loses its relationship with the rest of the personality

A

Dissociation

62
Q

Define

Anxiety

A

an unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension accompanied by increased physiological arousal; can be assessed by self-report, measuring physiological arousal and observing overt behaviour

63
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for generalised anxiety disorder?

A
  • People who meet the criteria for generalised anxiety disorder experience excessive anxiety and worry at least 50% of days about a number of events or activities (e.g., family, health, finances, work and school)
  • The person finds it hard to control the worry
  • The anxiety and worry are associated with at least three (or one in children) of the following:
    • Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
    • Easily fatigued
    • Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
    • Irritability
    • Muscle tension
    • Sleep disturbance
64
Q

Definition

behaviours used to avoid experiencing anxiety in feared situations, such as the tendency of people with social phobia to avoid looking at other people (so as to avoid perceiving negative feedback) or the tendency of people with panic disorder to avoid exercise (so as to avoid somatic arousal that could trigger a panic attack)

A

Safety behaviours

65
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria that all anxiety disorders have in common?

A
  • Symptoms interfere with important areas of functioning or cause marked distress
  • Symptoms are not caused by a drug or a medical condition
  • Symptoms persist for at least 6 months or at least 1 month for panic disorder
  • The fears and anxieties are distant from the symptoms of another anxiety disorder
66
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder typically begins during

a) early adulthood.
b) the oral stage.
c) midlife.
d) adolescence.

A

d) adolescence.

67
Q

What treatment is most effective for GAD?

A

Cognitive-behavioural treatment which includes relaxation training, strategies to help a person tolerate uncertainty and face core fears, and specific tools to combat tendencies to worry

68
Q

What treatment is most effective for specific phobias?

A

Exposure treatments

69
Q

What treatment is most effective for panic disorder?

A

Exposure to somatic symptoms, along with cognitive technique to challenge catastrophic misinterpretations of those symptoms

70
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for agoraphobia?

A
  • People who meet the criteria for agoraphobia experience a disproportionate and marked fear or anxiety about at least two situations where it would be difficult to escape or receive help in the event of incapacitation, embarrassing symptoms or panic-like symptoms, such as being outside of the home alone; travelling on public transport; being in open space such as parking lots and marketplaces; being in enclosed spaces such as shops, theatres or cinemas; or standing in line or being in a crowd
  • These fears consistently provoke fear or anxiety
  • These situations are avoided, require the presence of a companion, or are endued with intense fear or anxiety
71
Q

Definition

a sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror and impending doom, accompanied by symptoms such as labored breathing, nausea, chest pain, feelings of choking and smothering, heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating and trembling

A

Panic attack

72
Q

What was social anxiety disorder called in the DSM-IV-TR?

A

Social phobia

73
Q

Definition

the brain region in the fear circuit that is especially important in panic disorder; the major source in the brain of norepinephrine, which helps trigger sympathetic nervous system activity

A

Locus coeruleus

74
Q

What do twin studies suggest about the heritability of specific phobias, social anxiety disorder and GAD?

A

20-40%

75
Q

Which anxiety disorder does this description fit?

Anxiety about being in places where escaping or getting help would be difficult if anxiety symptoms occurred

A

Agoraphobia

76
Q

Define

Interoceptive conditioning

A

classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to the internal bodily sensations of arousal (as opposed to the external situations that trigger anxiety)

77
Q

Definition

any of various drugs that inhibit the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, such that both neurotransmitters with have more prolonged effects on postsynaptic neurons

A

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

78
Q

Specific phobias can be effectively treated by having the phobic person confront actual situations involving their feared object, a treatment method called

a) token distribution
b) operant exposure
c) in-vivo exposure
d) revisited systematic desensitization

A

c) in-vivo exposure

79
Q

Definition

a collection of fears linked to the presence of other people

A

Social anxiety disorder

80
Q

When does GAD typically begin?

A

Adolescence

81
Q

Which personality trait is associated with high rates of anxiety?

A

Neuroticism

82
Q

What do twin studies suggest about the heritability of panic disorder?

A

50%

83
Q

What is the major source of norepinephrine in the brain?

A

Locus coeruleus

84
Q

Definition

loss of the sense that the surroundings are real; present in several psychological disorders, such as panic disorders, depersonalization disorder and schizophrenia

A

Derealisation

85
Q

Which three main cognitive factors are a leading cause of anxiety?

A

Sustained negative beliefs about the future

A perceived lack of control

Attention to signs of threat

86
Q

What are the typical features of the amygdala in people with anxiety?

A

Elevated activity levels

87
Q

Definition

an anxiety disorder in which the individual has sudden, inexplicable and frequent panic attacks

A

Panic disorder

88
Q

Definition

an unwarranted fear and avoidance of a specific object or circumstance, for example, fear of non-poisonous snakes or fears of heights

A

Specific phobia

89
Q
A
90
Q

What factors increase the general risk for anxiety disorders?

A
  • Behaviour conditioning (classical and operant conditioning)
  • Genetic vulnerability
  • Disturbances in the activity in the fear circuit of the brain
  • Decreased functioning of GABA and serotonin; increased norepinephrine activity
  • Behavioural inhibition
  • Neuroticism
  • Cognitive factors, including sustained negative beliefs, perceived lack of control and attention to cues of threat
91
Q

Definition

classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to the internal bodily sensations of arousal (as opposed to the external situations that trigger anxiety)

A

Interoceptive conditioning

92
Q

According to the DSM-5 criteria, for a diagnosis of panic disorder, a person must experience recurrent __________ panic attacks.

a) unexpected
b) situation-specific
c) persistent
d) life-threatening

A

a) unexpected

93
Q

Define

Locus coeruleus

A

the brain region in the fear circuit that is especially important in panic disorder; the major source in the brain of norepinephrine, which helps trigger sympathetic nervous system activity

94
Q

What does neurobiological research on anxiety focus on?

A

The brain’s fear circuit

PSY3032 (13 decks)

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