Obsessive-Compulsive and Trauma-Related Disorders Flashcards
Define
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an extreme response to a severe stressor, including recurrent memories of the trauma, avoidance of associated stimuli, negative emotions and thoughts, and symptoms of increased arousal
Definition
a nucleus within the basal ganglia involved in learning and memory that is implicated in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Caudate nucleus
Define
Compulsion
the irresistible impulse to repeat an irrational act or thought over and over again
Definition
an extreme response to a severe stressor, including recurrent memories of the trauma, avoidance of associated stimuli, negative emotions and thoughts, and symptoms of increased arousal
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
What are the key features of body dysmorphic disorder?
- Preoccupation with imagined flaw in one’s appearance
- Excessive repetitive behaviours or acts regarding appearance
Define
Acute Stress Disorder
a short-lived anxiety reaction to a traumatic event; if it lasts more than a month it is diagnosed as post-traumatic stress disorder
Definition
the portion of the frontal lobe located just above the eyes; one of three closely related brain regions that are unusually active in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Orbitofrontal cortex
Define
Yedasentience
the subjective sense of knowing that one has achieved closure on an action or thought; theorized to be deficient among persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Define
Thought suppression
key feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder; has the paradoxical effect of inducing preoccupation with the object of thought
What are the key brain regions in the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?
Orbitfrontal cortex
Caudate nucleus
Anterior cingulate cortex
Define
Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
the most widely used and accepted treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which the sufferer is prevented from engaging in compulsive ritual activity and instead faces the anxiety provoked by the stimulus, leading eventually to extinction of the conditioned response (anxiety)
What coping strategies are associated with the onset of PTSD?
Dissociative coping (i.e. avoidance)
Define
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
a disorder marked by preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance - for example, facial wrinkles or excess facial or body hair
High activity in which brains areas is seen in individuals with BDD?
Orbitofrontal cortex
Caudate nucleus
Define
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder in which the mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts of the individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again, causing significant distress and interference with everyday functioning
High activity in which brains areas is seen in individuals with hoarding disorder?
Orbitofrontal cortex
Anterior cingulate
High activity in which brains areas is seen in individuals with OCD?
Orbitofrontal cortex
Caudate nucleus
Anterior cingulate
Definition
the most widely used and accepted treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which the sufferer is prevented from engaging in compulsive ritual activity and instead faces the anxiety provoked by the stimulus, leading eventually to extinction of the conditioned response (anxiety)
Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
What does cognitive processing therapy do?
Help victims of rape and childhood sexual abuse dispute tendencies towards self-blame
What are the key features of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
- Repetitive, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or urges (obsessions)
- Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels compelled to perform (compulsions)
What can exacerbate tendencies towards obsessions in OCD?
Thought suppression
What increases the likelihood that a person with develop PTSD?
The severity of the trauma
Definition
key feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder; has the paradoxical effect of inducing preoccupation with the object of thought
Thought suppression
What are the DSM-5 criteria for body dysmorphic disorder?
- People with body dysmorphic disorder experience preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in appearance
- Others find the perceived defect(s) slight or unobservable
- The person has performed repetitive behaviours or mental acts in response to the appearance concerns
- Preoccupation is not restricted to concerns about weight or body fat
At what point does acute stress disorder turn into PTSD?
When the symptoms have lasted more than one month
What are the DSM-5 criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
- People with OCD experience obsessions and/or compulsions
- Obsessions are defined by:
- Recurrent, intrusive, persistent, unwanted thoughts, urges or images
- The person tries to ignore, suppress or neutralise the thoughts, urges or images
- Compulsions are defined by:
- Repetitive behaviours or thoughts that the person feels compelled to perform to prevent distress or a dreaded event
- The person feels driven to perform the repetitive behaviours or thoughts in response to obsessions or according to rigid rules
- The acts are excessive or unlikely to prevent the dreaded situation
- The obsessions and compulsions are time-consuming (e.g. at least one hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment
What are the most supported medical treatment for the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?
Antidepressants
Treating OCD with medication can lead to a __________ reduction in symptoms.
a) 10%
b) 95%
c) 50%
d) 75%
c) 50%
What disorders are included in the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders section?
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Body dysmorphic disorder
Hoarding disorder
What are the two disorders that involve a severe reaction to trauma?
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Acute stress disorder
Definition
an anxiety disorder in which the mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts of the individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again, causing significant distress and interference with everyday functioning
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
What does the cognitive-behavioural model of BDD focus on?
Detail-oriented analytic style, tendency to overvalue the meaning of appearance for self-worth and excessive attention to cues related to appearance
What medication is effective at treating PTSD?
SSRIs
Definition
the subjective sense of knowing that one has achieved closure on an action or thought; theorized to be deficient among persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Yedasentience
Behavioural models of OCD suggest what?
People sustain conditioned responses long after the contingencies that conditioned the initial behaviour have shifted
Psychologically, OCD appears to be characterised by a deficit in what?
Yedasentience
Define
Obsession
an intrusive thought that seems irrational and uncontrollable to the person experiencing it
What are the general risk factors for PTSD?
Genetic vulnerability
Amygdala hyperactivity
Neuroticism
Childhood trauma exposure
Tendencies to attend to cues of threat in the environment
What are the key features of hoarding disorder?
- Acquisition of an excessive number of objects
- Inability to part with those objects
What brain feature increases the likelihood that a person will develop PTSD?
Small hippocampal volume
What are two factors that are protective against PTSD?
High IQ
Strong social support
What is the major psychological treatment approach for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?
Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
Definition
a disorder marked by preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance - for example, facial wrinkles or excess facial or body hair
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
What do cognitive-behavioural models of hoarding disorders focus on?
Poor organisational abilities (difficulties with attention, categorisation and decision making), unusual beliefs about possessions and avoidance behaviours
What does ERP for hoarding disorder usually involve?
Motivational strategies to enhance insight and willingness to consider change
What is the primary psychological approach to treating PTSD?
Exposure therapy with a focus on memories and reminders of the original trauma
Definition
an intrusive thought that seems irrational and uncontrollable to the person experiencing it
Obsession
Definition
a disorder in which the person has a compulsive need to acquire objects and extreme difficulty in disposing of those objects
Hoarding disorder
What are the DSM-5 criteria of PTSD?
Criterion A: stressor (one required)
The person was exposed to: death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence, in the following way(s):
- Direct exposure
- Witnessing the trauma
- Learning that a relative or close friend was exposed to a trauma
- Indirect exposure to aversive details of the trauma, usually in the course of professional duties (e.g., first responders, medics)
Criterion B: intrusion symptoms (one required)
The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in the following way(s):
- Unwanted upsetting memories
- Nightmares
- Flashbacks
- Emotional distress after exposure to traumatic reminders
- Physical reactivity after exposure to traumatic reminders
Criterion C: avoidance (one required)
Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma, in the following way(s):
- Trauma-related thoughts or feelings
- Trauma-related external reminders
Criterion D: negative alterations in cognitions and mood (two required)
Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma, in the following way(s):
- Inability to recall key features of the trauma
- Overly negative thoughts and assumptions about oneself or the world
- Exaggerated blame of self or others for causing the trauma
- Negative affect
- Decreased interest in activities
- Feeling isolated
- Difficulty experiencing positive affect
Criterion E: alterations in arousal and reactivity
Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma, in the following way(s):
- Irritability or aggression
- Risky or destructive behavior
- Hypervigilance
- Heightened startle reaction
- Difficulty concentrating
- Difficulty sleeping
Criterion F: duration (required)
Symptoms last for more than 1 month.
Criterion G: functional significance (required)
Symptoms create distress or functional impairment (e.g., social, occupational).
Criterion H: exclusion (required)
Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.
Definition
a short-lived anxiety reaction to a traumatic event; if it lasts more than a month it is diagnosed as post-traumatic stress disorder
Acute Stress Disorder
Define
Hoarding disorder
a disorder in which the person has a compulsive need to acquire objects and extreme difficulty in disposing of those objects
What are the DSM-5 criteria for hoarding disorder?
- People who meet the criteria for hoarding disorder experience persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value
- People with hoarding disorder experience a perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding
- The symptoms result in the accumulation of a large number of possessions that clutter active living spaces to the extent that their intended use is compromised unless others intervene
Definition
the irresistible impulse to repeat an irrational act or thought over and over again
Compulsion
Define
Caudate nucleus
a nucleus within the basal ganglia involved in learning and memory that is implicated in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Define
Orbitofrontal cortex
the portion of the frontal lobe located just above the eyes; one of three closely related brain regions that are unusually active in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder
OCD usually is first experienced __________
a) before age 10.
b) in late life.
c) in middle adulthood.
d) after age 30.
a) before age 10.
