Mood Disorders Flashcards
Definition
a region of the prefrontal cortex involved in working memory, motor planning, organisation and regulation, and implicated in many psychopathologies
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Define
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
a behavioural treatment from bipolar disorder that aims to stabilise mood by addressing disruptions in circadian rhythms (e.g., stressful life events, irregular sleep/wake times)
Definition
tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas
Cognitive biases
Does the prevalence of Bipolar disorders differ by gender?
No - approximately equal in male and females
What are the major features of Premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
Mood symptoms in the week before menses
Definition
a neurosurgical treatment in which electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions
Deep brain stimulation
True or False:
Some drugs that increase dopamine levels can trigger manic symptoms in people with bipolar
True
Definition
a condition, such as major depressive disorder, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur
Episodic disorder
Definition
any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders
Antidepressant
Definition
in Beck’s theory of depression, a person’s negative views of the self, the worlds and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction
Negative triad
Definition
a drug used in treating both mania and depression in bipolar patients
Lithium
Shawna has been seeing a cognitive therapist for depression. The therapist has encouraged her to do things that will help with creating a positive experience - like getting out of bed, talking to friends, and going for a walk. This behavioral technique is called
a) interpersonal psychotherapy
b) mindfulness meditation
c) behavioral activation
d) cognitive restructuring
c) behavioral activation
Define
Mood disorders
disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion
Define
Rapid cycling
term applied to bipolar disorders if the patient has experienced at least four episodes within the past year
What is the major personality trait implicated in depression?
Neuroticism
Studies on creativity and mood disorders have shown that extreme mania __________ creative output.
a) increases
b) lowers
c) has an unknown effect on
d) has no influence on
b) lowers
Define
Psychomotor agitation
a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness and inability to sit still
Define
Melancholic
subtype of major depressive disorder in which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression
Define
Attribution
the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred
Definition
a form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
Bipolar II disorder
Define
Expressed emotion
hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family
Define
Cushing’s syndrome
an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by over secretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation and physical disfigurement
What helps explain why people with depression feel less motivated by and less engaged in positive events in their life?
Lack of activity in the striatum which is a central component of the reward system
Definition
a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter
Seasonal affective disorder
What is Beck’s theory of Depression?
Depression is associated with the negative triad: negative views of the self, their world, and the future
Definition
in the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum
Anterior cingulate
What different psychological treatments are used for depression?
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Behavioral couples therapy
Third wave cognitive therapies
Define
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
a group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamine and indolamines
What is the goal of third wave therapies?
To assist patients to adopt a ‘decentred’ or ‘defused’ perspective by teaching them , to view thoughts as ‘mental events’ rather than accurate reflections of reality or the self
Define
Flight of ideas
a symptom of mania that involves rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections
Define
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
a recent adaptation of cognitive therapy which draws on so-called ‘third wave’ techniques such as mindfulness meditation to help patients learn to see thoughts as harmless mental events, rather than challenge their content as in cognitive therapy
What does the atypical features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Symptoms that are unusual for depressive or manic episodes are present
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
True or False:
People with depression are less responsive than other people are to drugs that increase dopamine levels
True
Define
Tricyclic antidepressants
a group of antidepressants with molecular structure characterised by three fused rings; they interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
What does the mixed features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
At least three manic symptoms are present during a depressive episode, or at least three depressive symptoms are present during a manic episode
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
Define
Hypomania
an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania
Definition
term applied to bipolar disorders if the patient has experienced at least four episodes within the past year
Rapid cycling
Define
Episodic disorder
a condition, such as major depressive disorder, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur
Definition
onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania
Peripartum onset
Define
Rumination
repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing negative mood
What is the DSM-5 criteria for Bipolar I?
At least one episode of mania during the course of a person’s life
Why is electroconvulsive therapy still used?
ECT is more powerful than antidepressant medication for the treatment of depression, particularly when psychotic features are present
Define
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a depressed, anxious, labile or irritable mood that reoccurs monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The symptoms are more distressing and disabling than the more commonly experienced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
What are the major features of Cyclothymia?
Recurrent mood changes from high to low for at least two years, without hypomanic or depressive episodes
Define
Anterior cingulate
in the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum
Define
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youths older than age 6
Define
Behavioural couples therapy
clinical approach to depression in which couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy
Definition
amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin. Experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression
Tryptophan
Define
Antidepressant
any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders
Which has a stronger genetic influence: MDD or bipolar?
Bipolar
Definition
a group of antidepressants with molecular structure characterised by three fused rings; they interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
Tricyclic antidepressants
Definition
a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youths older than age 6
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Within most psychiatric disorders, suicides are most likely to occur when a person is experiencing
a) mania.
b) comorbid depression.
c) anxiety.
d) withdrawals.
b) comorbid depression.
What are the different types of third wave cognitive therapies?
Mindfullness-based cognitive therapy
Commitment therapy
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
What does the catatonia specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
Definition
a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly
Psychomotor retardation
Define
Persistent depressive disorder
a DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last at least 2 years
True or False:
Major depressive episodes are usually isolated and don’t tend to recur
False
About two-thirds of individuals experience at least one more episode in their lifetime
Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk of completed suicide?
a) a 29-year-old female
b) a 17-year-old male
c) a 48-year-old female
d) a 78-year-old male
d) a 78-year-old male
Define
Reward system
system of brain structure involved in the motivation to pursue rewards. Believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia and substance use disorders
What does the mood-congruent psychotic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Delusions or hallucinations with themes that are consistent with the mood state (e.g. guilt, disease or death themes accompanying depression)
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
Define
Bipolar II disorder
a form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
What is the problem with the causal relationship between interpersonal problems and depression?
Depressive symptoms could easily contribute to interpersonal difficulties as the person withdraws, begins to feel irritable and finds no joy when engaging with others, but these same factors may also indicate individuals at risk of developing depression.
What are the common physical symptoms of depression?
Fatigue
Low energy
Aches and pains
The Hollon et al. (2002) cognitive therapy versus antidepressants study found all of the following EXCEPT:
a) both cognitive therapy and medication helped people recover from depression more than a placebo.
b) when cognitive therapy and medications were combined, the effects were even greater than for either treatment alone.
c) cognitive therapy was more expensive than treatment with medication.
d) cognitive therapy helped protect against relapse over the long term.
c) cognitive therapy was more expensive than treatment with medication.
What are the levels of activation of the striatum in response to reward in MDD and bipolar?
MDD: Low
Bipolar: High
What does the seasonal pattern specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Episodes happen regularly at a particular time of year
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
Which areas of the brain are targeted in deep brain stimulation?
Anterior cingulate
Nucleus accumbens
Definition
a group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamine and indolamines
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Definition
a person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events
Attributional style
What does the suicide risk severity specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Suicidal ideation, plans or other risk indicators are present
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
What does the with anxious distress specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
At least two symptoms of anxiety are present
Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder
What are medications that reduced manic symptoms called?
Mood-stabilizing medications
What two major biological treatments are used for mood disorders?
Electroconvulsive therapy
Medications
Definition
a DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last at least 2 years
Persistent depressive disorder
Define
Attributional style
a person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events
Definition
disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion
Mood disorders
Define
Striatum
in the subcortical region of the brain; involved in the reward system
What types of life events have the greatest impact on the development of depression?
Interpersonal loss
Humiliation
What is the DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder
Sad mood or loss of pleasure in usual activities. Additional criteria includes experiencing at least 5 of the following:
- Sleeping too much or too little
- Psychomotor retardation or agitation
- Weight loss or change in appetite
- Loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- Difficulty concentrating, thinking or making decisions
- Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Symptoms are present nearly everyday, most of the day, for at least 2 weeks. Symptoms are distinct and more severe than a normative response to significant loss
Define
Seasonal affective disorder
a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter
Define
Lithium
a drug used in treating both mania and depression in bipolar patients
Definition
a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes
Cyclothymic disorder
Definition
a drug that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic neuron, so that levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
What is the rumination theory of depression?
A theory that emphasizes rumination as a major cause of depression
True or False:
Individuals with persistent depressive disorder are more likely to require hospitalization and/or attempt suicide than individuals with MDD
True
Why do the symptoms of depression vary across cultures?
Different cultures have different cultural standards regarding acceptable expressions of emotional distress
Definition
cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions and has been modified again to emphasise hopelessness - an expectation that desirable outcome will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation
Hopelessness theory
Definition
the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred
Attribution
Tryptophan
amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin. Experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression
Definition
behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death
Non-suicidal self-injury
Define
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
a non-invasive technique in which pulsing magnets are used to intensify or diminish brain activity in a given region
The revised model of the helplessness theory emphasizes __________ and __________ dimensions of attributions - the explanations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred.
a) neurotic; rigid
b) internal; external
c) expectant; unpredictable
d) stable; global
d) stable; global
Definition
a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire; and either lethargy or agitation
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
How do the symptoms of depression differ across cultures?
People in South Korea are less likely to describe a sad mood or suicidal thoughts than are people in the US. Complaints of nerves and headaches are common in Latino cultures and reports of weakness, fatigue and poor concentration are common in some Asian cultures
Definition
in the subcortical region of the brain; involved in the reward system
Striatum
Definition
clinical approach to depression in which couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy
Behavioural couples therapy
All of the following are true of suicide EXCEPT:
a) men are four times more likely than women to kill themselves.
b) guns are the most common means of suicide.
c) suicide rates decrease in old age.
d) being divorced or widowed elevates suicide risk.
c) suicide rates decrease in old age.
Definition
a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness and inability to sit still
Psychomotor agitation
Definition
subtype of major depressive disorder in which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression
Melancholic
Define
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
a region of the prefrontal cortex involved in working memory, motor planning, organisation and regulation, and implicated in many psychopathologies
Definition
a behavioural treatment from bipolar disorder that aims to stabilise mood by addressing disruptions in circadian rhythms (e.g., stressful life events, irregular sleep/wake times)
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
Define
Neuroticism
the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression
Definition
intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractability, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions
Mania
What two types of medications, other than lithium, are used to treat Bipolar disorder?
Anticonvulsants
Antipsychotics
Define
Psychoeducational approaches
especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms and treatment strategies
Define
Non-suicidal self-injury
behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death
Social factors that may help to explain gender differences in depression include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) twice as many girls as boys are exposed to childhood sexual abuse.
b) social roles among girls may intensify self-critical attitudes about appearance.
c) men are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors like poverty and caretaking demands.
d) men tend to spend more time using distraction or action-focused coping.
c) men are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors like poverty and caretaking demands.
What is the main focus of interpersonal therapy?
Examine major interpersonal problems, such as role transitions, interpersonal conflicts, bereavement and interpersonal isolation.
Definition
hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family
Expressed emotion
Define
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
a specific form of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with less effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels. They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so that serotonin levels in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time
Define
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
a drug that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic neuron, so that levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time
Definition
system of brain structure involved in the motivation to pursue rewards. Believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia and substance use disorders
Reward system
In the DSM-V, the criteria for a diagnosis of __________ disorder include a single episode of mania during the course of a person’s life.
a) bipolar II
b) cyclothymic
c) hypomanic
d) bipolar I
d) bipolar I
What three neurotransmitters have been studied the most in terms of their possible role in mood disorders?
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Define
Suicide
the intentional taking of one’s own life
What comorbid disorders are often present in individuals with MDD?
Anxiety disorder
Substance-related disorders
Sexual dysfunctions
Personality disorders
What two factors predict increases in manic symptoms?
Reward sensitivity
Sleep deprivation
Define
Cyclothymic disorder
a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes
What is one possible explanation for the increasing rates of depression over the past 100 years?
Support structures (i.e. tight-knit families) are steadily decreasing
What is the likely biological cause of seasonal affective disorder?
Variation of melatonin levels
What are the two broad types of mood disorders?
Bipolar disorder and depressive disorders
What does the melancholic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Lack of pleasure in any activity, inability to gain relief from positive events and at least three other symptoms of depression such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are worse in the morning, waking at least two hours too early, loss of appetite/weight, psychomotor retardation or agitation or guilt
Applicable to MDD and bipolar (depressive episodes)
What different psychological treatments are used for Bipolar?
Psychoeducational approaches
Cognitive-based therapy
Family-focused therapy
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
Is there a gender difference in the prevalence of MDD and persistent depressive disorder?
Yes, they are twice as common in women
Define
Negative triad
in Beck’s theory of depression, a person’s negative views of the self, the worlds and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction
What is the DSM-5 criteria for manic and hypomanic episodes?
Experience of an elevated or irritable mood. The person displays increased activity or energy, and at least three of the following are noticeably changed from baseline (four if mood is irritable)
- Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
- Unusual talkativeness; rapid speech
- Flight of ideas or subjective impression that thoughts are racing
- Decreased need for sleep
- Increased self-esteem; belief that one has special talents, powers or abilities
- Distractability; attention easily diverted
- Excessive involvement in activities that are likely to have painful consequences, such as reckless spending, sexual indiscretions or unwise business investments
- Symptoms are present most of the day, nearly everyday
For a manic episode
- Symptoms last one week, require hospitalisation or include psychosis
- Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
For a hypomanic episode
- Clear changes in functioning are observable to others, but impairment is not marked
- No psychotic symptoms are present
Why is MDD considered to be an episodic disorder?
Symptoms tend to be present for a period of time and then clear
What is the DSM-5 criteria for Bipolar II?
A person must have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania (and no lifetime episode of mania)
What are the major features of Persistent depressive disorder?
Low mood and at least two other symptoms of depression at least half of the time for two years
Define
Mania
intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractability, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions
Definition
the intentional taking of one’s own life
Suicide
What is the DSM-5 criteria for persistent depressive disorder?
Having a depressed mood for most of the day more than half of the time for two years (or one year for <18 year olds)
Individuals will experience at least two of the following symptoms during that time:
- Poor appetite or overeating
- Sleeping too much or too little
- Low energy
- Poor self-esteem
- Trouble concentrating or making decisions
- Feelings of helplessness
What is a protective factor following a large life event that may prevent the development of depression?
Social support
Definition
a depressed, anxious, labile or irritable mood that reoccurs monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The symptoms are more distressing and disabling than the more commonly experienced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
What is the DSM-5 criteria for cyclothymic disorder?
For at least two years (or one year in children or adolescents)
- numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic episode
- numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode
The symptoms do not clear for more than two months at a time. Criteria for major depressive, manic or hypomanic episode have never been met. Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
Define
Peripartum onset
onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania
Define
Cognitive biases
tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas
Define
Deep brain stimulation
a neurosurgical treatment in which electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions
Definition
a specific form of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with less effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels. They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so that serotonin levels in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
True or False:
Individuals with Cushing Syndrome appear to be immune to the effects of depression
False
People with Cushing’s syndrome, which causes oversecretion of cortisol, frequently experience depressive symptoms
Definition
the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression
Neuroticism
What is the different in activity levels of the striatum in MDD and bipolar?
Depression: diminished activity of the striatum
Bipolar: elevated activity of the striatum
True or False:
Adulthood adversity, rather than childhood adversity, increases the risk of depression
False
Both adulthood and childhood adversity increases the risk but events during childhood have a larger impact
Define
Bipolar I disorder
a diagnosis on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression
Definition
a symptom of mania that involves rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections
Flight of ideas
What are the four major categories of antidepressants?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Tricyclic antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Define
Psychomotor retardation
a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly
True or False:
Cortisol dysregulation is present in MDD but not bipolar
False
Cortisol dysregulation is present in both MDD and bipolar
Definition
an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by over secretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation and physical disfigurement
Cushing’s syndrome
Definition
a recent adaptation of cognitive therapy which draws on so-called ‘third wave’ techniques such as mindfulness meditation to help patients learn to see thoughts as harmless mental events, rather than challenge their content as in cognitive therapy
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
What is the main focus of behavioral couples therapy?
Researchers work with both members of a couple to improve communication and relationship satisfaction
Which is more common: MDD or Bipolar I?
MDD
Definition
a non-invasive technique in which pulsing magnets are used to intensify or diminish brain activity in a given region
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
What are the three forms of bipolar disorder?
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic
What are the major features of Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
Severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least one year beginning before the age of 10
In countries such as Japan and Iceland where there is high per-capita fish consumption, diagnostic rates of MDD and bipolar disorder are
a) lower.
b) higher.
c) about the same.
d) inconclusive.
a) lower.
Which side of the brain is targeted in ECT?
Right side
Definition
especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms and treatment strategies
Psychoeducational approaches
What does the rapid cycling specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
At least four episodes within the past year
Applicable to bipolar only
Definition
a diagnosis on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression
Bipolar I disorder
Several studies suggest that it is important for people with bipolar disorder to receive psychotherapy when they are experiencing __________.
a) depression
b) mania
c) hypomania
d) cyclothymia
a) depression
Define
Hopelessness theory
cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions and has been modified again to emphasise hopelessness - an expectation that desirable outcome will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation
Definition
an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania
Hypomania
An adaptation of cognitive therapy that focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of MDD is called
a) Interpersonal psychotherapy
b) Behavioral activation
c) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
d) Cognitive behavioral therapy
c) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
What factors trigger depression in bipolar disorder?
Negative life events
Neuroticism
Negative cognitive styles
Expressed Emotion
Lack of social support
What does the mood-incongruent psychotic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Delusions or hallucinations with themes that do not match the valence of the depressive or manic episode
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
Definition
repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing negative mood
Rumination
True or False:
People in high SES are at higher risk for depression
False
What is the hopelessness theory of depression?
A theory that states that the most important trigger of depression in hopelessness; placing emphasis on two key dimensions of attributions:
- Stable (permanent) vs unstable (temporary) causes
- Global (relevant to many life domains) vs specific (limited to one area) causes
An episode of __________ is NOT required for a diagnosis of bipolar I, but it is required for a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder.
a) mania
b) depression
c) mixed episode
d) hypomania
b) depression
True or False:
Serotonin and dopamine receptor dysfunction is present in both MDD and bipolar
True
What comorbid disorders are common in individuals with bipolar?
Anxiety disorder
Substance abuse
How is the HPA axis implicated in MDD?
HPA axis may be overly active, suggesting that stress reactivity is an important part of depression
Define
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire; and either lethargy or agitation
