Mood Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Definition
a region of the prefrontal cortex involved in working memory, motor planning, organisation and regulation, and implicated in many psychopathologies
A
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
2
Q
Define
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
A
a behavioural treatment from bipolar disorder that aims to stabilise mood by addressing disruptions in circadian rhythms (e.g., stressful life events, irregular sleep/wake times)
3
Q
Definition
tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas
A
Cognitive biases
4
Q
Does the prevalence of Bipolar disorders differ by gender?
A
No - approximately equal in male and females
5
Q
What are the major features of Premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
A
Mood symptoms in the week before menses
6
Q
Definition
a neurosurgical treatment in which electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions
A
Deep brain stimulation
7
Q
True or False:
Some drugs that increase dopamine levels can trigger manic symptoms in people with bipolar
A
True
8
Q
Definition
a condition, such as major depressive disorder, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur
A
Episodic disorder
9
Q
Definition
any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders
A
Antidepressant
10
Q
Definition
in Beck’s theory of depression, a person’s negative views of the self, the worlds and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction
A
Negative triad
11
Q
Definition
a drug used in treating both mania and depression in bipolar patients
A
Lithium
12
Q
Shawna has been seeing a cognitive therapist for depression. The therapist has encouraged her to do things that will help with creating a positive experience - like getting out of bed, talking to friends, and going for a walk. This behavioral technique is called
a) interpersonal psychotherapy
b) mindfulness meditation
c) behavioral activation
d) cognitive restructuring
A
c) behavioral activation
13
Q
Define
Mood disorders
A
disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion
14
Q
Define
Rapid cycling
A
term applied to bipolar disorders if the patient has experienced at least four episodes within the past year
15
Q
What is the major personality trait implicated in depression?
A
Neuroticism
16
Q
Studies on creativity and mood disorders have shown that extreme mania __________ creative output.
a) increases
b) lowers
c) has an unknown effect on
d) has no influence on
A
b) lowers
17
Q
Define
Psychomotor agitation
A
a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness and inability to sit still
18
Q
Define
Melancholic
A
subtype of major depressive disorder in which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression
19
Q
Define
Attribution
A
the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred
20
Q
Definition
a form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
A
Bipolar II disorder
21
Q
Define
Expressed emotion
A
hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family
22
Q
Define
Cushing’s syndrome
A
an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by over secretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation and physical disfigurement
23
Q
What helps explain why people with depression feel less motivated by and less engaged in positive events in their life?
A
Lack of activity in the striatum which is a central component of the reward system
24
Q
Definition
a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter
A
Seasonal affective disorder
25
What is Beck's theory of Depression?
Depression is associated with the negative triad: negative views of the self, their world, and the future
26
# Definition
in the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum
Anterior cingulate
27
What different psychological treatments are used for depression?
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Behavioral couples therapy
Third wave cognitive therapies
28
# Define
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
a group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamine and indolamines
29
What is the goal of third wave therapies?
To assist patients to adopt a 'decentred' or 'defused' perspective by teaching them , to view thoughts as 'mental events' rather than accurate reflections of reality or the self
30
# Define
Flight of ideas
a symptom of mania that involves rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections
31
# Define
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
a recent adaptation of cognitive therapy which draws on so-called 'third wave' techniques such as mindfulness meditation to help patients learn to see thoughts as harmless mental events, rather than challenge their content as in cognitive therapy
32
What does the atypical features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Symptoms that are unusual for depressive or manic episodes are present
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
33
True or False:
People with depression are less responsive than other people are to drugs that increase dopamine levels
True
34
# Define
Tricyclic antidepressants
a group of antidepressants with molecular structure characterised by three fused rings; they interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
35
What does the mixed features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
At least three manic symptoms are present during a depressive episode, or at least three depressive symptoms are present during a manic episode
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
36
# Define
Hypomania
an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania
37
# Definition
term applied to bipolar disorders if the patient has experienced at least four episodes within the past year
Rapid cycling
38
# Define
Episodic disorder
a condition, such as major depressive disorder, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur
39
# Definition
onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania
Peripartum onset
40
# Define
Rumination
repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing negative mood
41
What is the DSM-5 criteria for Bipolar I?
At least one episode of mania during the course of a person's life
42
Why is electroconvulsive therapy still used?
ECT is more powerful than antidepressant medication for the treatment of depression, particularly when psychotic features are present
43
# Define
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a depressed, anxious, labile or irritable mood that reoccurs monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The symptoms are more distressing and disabling than the more commonly experienced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
44
What are the major features of Cyclothymia?
Recurrent mood changes from high to low for at least two years, without hypomanic or depressive episodes
45
# Define
Anterior cingulate
in the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum
46
# Define
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youths older than age 6
47
# Define
Behavioural couples therapy
clinical approach to depression in which couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy
48
# Definition
amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin. Experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression
Tryptophan
49
# Define
Antidepressant
any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders
50
Which has a stronger genetic influence: MDD or bipolar?
Bipolar
51
# Definition
a group of antidepressants with molecular structure characterised by three fused rings; they interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
Tricyclic antidepressants
52
# Definition
a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youths older than age 6
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
53
Within most psychiatric disorders, suicides are most likely to occur when a person is experiencing
a) mania.
b) comorbid depression.
c) anxiety.
d) withdrawals.
b) comorbid depression.
54
What are the different types of third wave cognitive therapies?
Mindfullness-based cognitive therapy
Commitment therapy
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
55
What does the catatonia specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
56
# Definition
a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly
Psychomotor retardation
57
# Define
Persistent depressive disorder
a DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last at least 2 years
58
True or False:
Major depressive episodes are usually isolated and don't tend to recur
False
About two-thirds of individuals experience at least one more episode in their lifetime
59
Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk of completed suicide?
a) a 29-year-old female
b) a 17-year-old male
c) a 48-year-old female
d) a 78-year-old male
d) a 78-year-old male
60
# Define
Reward system
system of brain structure involved in the motivation to pursue rewards. Believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia and substance use disorders
61
What does the mood-congruent psychotic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Delusions or hallucinations with themes that are consistent with the mood state (e.g. guilt, disease or death themes accompanying depression)
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
62
# Define
Bipolar II disorder
a form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
63
What is the problem with the causal relationship between interpersonal problems and depression?
Depressive symptoms could easily contribute to interpersonal difficulties as the person withdraws, begins to feel irritable and finds no joy when engaging with others, but these same factors may also indicate individuals at risk of developing depression.
64
What are the common physical symptoms of depression?
Fatigue
Low energy
Aches and pains
65
The Hollon et al. (2002) cognitive therapy versus antidepressants study found all of the following EXCEPT:
a) both cognitive therapy and medication helped people recover from depression more than a placebo.
b) when cognitive therapy and medications were combined, the effects were even greater than for either treatment alone.
c) cognitive therapy was more expensive than treatment with medication.
d) cognitive therapy helped protect against relapse over the long term.
c) cognitive therapy was more expensive than treatment with medication.
66
What are the levels of activation of the striatum in response to reward in MDD and bipolar?
MDD: Low
Bipolar: High
67
What does the seasonal pattern specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Episodes happen regularly at a particular time of year
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
68
Which areas of the brain are targeted in deep brain stimulation?
Anterior cingulate
Nucleus accumbens
69
# Definition
a group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamine and indolamines
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
70
# Definition
a person's habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events
Attributional style
71
What does the suicide risk severity specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Suicidal ideation, plans or other risk indicators are present
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
72
What does the with anxious distress specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
At least two symptoms of anxiety are present
Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder
73
What are medications that reduced manic symptoms called?
Mood-stabilizing medications
74
What two major biological treatments are used for mood disorders?
Electroconvulsive therapy
Medications
75
# Definition
a DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last at least 2 years
Persistent depressive disorder
76
# Define
Attributional style
a person's habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events
77
# Definition
disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion
Mood disorders
78
# Define
Striatum
in the subcortical region of the brain; involved in the reward system
79
What types of life events have the greatest impact on the development of depression?
Interpersonal loss
Humiliation
80
What is the DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder
Sad mood or loss of pleasure in usual activities. Additional criteria includes experiencing at least 5 of the following:
* Sleeping too much or too little
* Psychomotor retardation or agitation
* Weight loss or change in appetite
* Loss of energy
* Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
* Difficulty concentrating, thinking or making decisions
* Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Symptoms are present nearly everyday, most of the day, for at least 2 weeks. Symptoms are distinct and more severe than a normative response to significant loss
81
# Define
Seasonal affective disorder
a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter
82
# Define
Lithium
a drug used in treating both mania and depression in bipolar patients
83
# Definition
a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes
Cyclothymic disorder
84
# Definition
a drug that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic neuron, so that levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
85
What is the rumination theory of depression?
A theory that emphasizes rumination as a major cause of depression
86
True or False:
Individuals with persistent depressive disorder are more likely to require hospitalization and/or attempt suicide than individuals with MDD
True
87
Why do the symptoms of depression vary across cultures?
Different cultures have different cultural standards regarding acceptable expressions of emotional distress
88
# Definition
cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions and has been modified again to emphasise hopelessness - an expectation that desirable outcome will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation
Hopelessness theory
89
# Definition
the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred
Attribution
90
Tryptophan
amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin. Experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression
91
# Definition
behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death
Non-suicidal self-injury
92
# Define
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
a non-invasive technique in which pulsing magnets are used to intensify or diminish brain activity in a given region
93
The revised model of the helplessness theory emphasizes __________ and __________ dimensions of attributions - the explanations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred.
a) neurotic; rigid
b) internal; external
c) expectant; unpredictable
d) stable; global
d) stable; global
94
# Definition
a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire; and either lethargy or agitation
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
95
How do the symptoms of depression differ across cultures?
People in South Korea are less likely to describe a sad mood or suicidal thoughts than are people in the US. Complaints of nerves and headaches are common in Latino cultures and reports of weakness, fatigue and poor concentration are common in some Asian cultures
96
# Definition
in the subcortical region of the brain; involved in the reward system
Striatum
97
# Definition
clinical approach to depression in which couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy
Behavioural couples therapy
98
All of the following are true of suicide EXCEPT:
a) men are four times more likely than women to kill themselves.
b) guns are the most common means of suicide.
c) suicide rates decrease in old age.
d) being divorced or widowed elevates suicide risk.
c) suicide rates decrease in old age.
99
# Definition
a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness and inability to sit still
Psychomotor agitation
100
# Definition
subtype of major depressive disorder in which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression
Melancholic
101
# Define
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
a region of the prefrontal cortex involved in working memory, motor planning, organisation and regulation, and implicated in many psychopathologies
102
# Definition
a behavioural treatment from bipolar disorder that aims to stabilise mood by addressing disruptions in circadian rhythms (e.g., stressful life events, irregular sleep/wake times)
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
103
# Define
Neuroticism
the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression
104
# Definition
intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractability, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions
Mania
105
What two types of medications, other than lithium, are used to treat Bipolar disorder?
Anticonvulsants
Antipsychotics
106
# Define
Psychoeducational approaches
especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms and treatment strategies
107
# Define
Non-suicidal self-injury
behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death
108
Social factors that may help to explain gender differences in depression include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) twice as many girls as boys are exposed to childhood sexual abuse.
b) social roles among girls may intensify self-critical attitudes about appearance.
c) men are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors like poverty and caretaking demands.
d) men tend to spend more time using distraction or action-focused coping.
c) men are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors like poverty and caretaking demands.
109
What is the main focus of interpersonal therapy?
Examine major interpersonal problems, such as role transitions, interpersonal conflicts, bereavement and interpersonal isolation.
110
# Definition
hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family
Expressed emotion
111
# Define
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
a specific form of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with less effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels. They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so that serotonin levels in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time
112
# Define
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
a drug that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic neuron, so that levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time
113
# Definition
system of brain structure involved in the motivation to pursue rewards. Believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia and substance use disorders
Reward system
114
In the DSM-V, the criteria for a diagnosis of __________ disorder include a single episode of mania during the course of a person’s life.
a) bipolar II
b) cyclothymic
c) hypomanic
d) bipolar I
d) bipolar I
115
What three neurotransmitters have been studied the most in terms of their possible role in mood disorders?
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
116
# Define
Suicide
the intentional taking of one's own life
117
What comorbid disorders are often present in individuals with MDD?
Anxiety disorder
Substance-related disorders
Sexual dysfunctions
Personality disorders
118
What two factors predict increases in manic symptoms?
Reward sensitivity
Sleep deprivation
119
# Define
Cyclothymic disorder
a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes
120
What is one possible explanation for the increasing rates of depression over the past 100 years?
Support structures (i.e. tight-knit families) are steadily decreasing
121
What is the likely biological cause of seasonal affective disorder?
Variation of melatonin levels
122
What are the two broad types of mood disorders?
Bipolar disorder and depressive disorders
123
What does the melancholic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Lack of pleasure in any activity, inability to gain relief from positive events and at least three other symptoms of depression such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are worse in the morning, waking at least two hours too early, loss of appetite/weight, psychomotor retardation or agitation or guilt
Applicable to MDD and bipolar (depressive episodes)
124
What different psychological treatments are used for Bipolar?
Psychoeducational approaches
Cognitive-based therapy
Family-focused therapy
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
125
Is there a gender difference in the prevalence of MDD and persistent depressive disorder?
Yes, they are twice as common in women
126
# Define
Negative triad
in Beck's theory of depression, a person's negative views of the self, the worlds and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction
127
What is the DSM-5 criteria for manic and hypomanic episodes?
Experience of an elevated or irritable mood. The person displays increased activity or energy, and at least three of the following are noticeably changed from baseline (four if mood is irritable)
* Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
* Unusual talkativeness; rapid speech
* Flight of ideas or subjective impression that thoughts are racing
* Decreased need for sleep
* Increased self-esteem; belief that one has special talents, powers or abilities
* Distractability; attention easily diverted
* Excessive involvement in activities that are likely to have painful consequences, such as reckless spending, sexual indiscretions or unwise business investments
* Symptoms are present most of the day, nearly everyday
For a manic episode
* Symptoms last one week, require hospitalisation or include psychosis
* Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
For a hypomanic episode
* Clear changes in functioning are observable to others, but impairment is not marked
* No psychotic symptoms are present
128
Why is MDD considered to be an episodic disorder?
Symptoms tend to be present for a period of time and then clear
129
What is the DSM-5 criteria for Bipolar II?
A person must have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania (and no lifetime episode of mania)
130
What are the major features of Persistent depressive disorder?
Low mood and at least two other symptoms of depression at least half of the time for two years
131
# Define
Mania
intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractability, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions
132
# Definition
the intentional taking of one's own life
Suicide
133
What is the DSM-5 criteria for persistent depressive disorder?
Having a depressed mood for most of the day more than half of the time for two years (or one year for \<18 year olds)
Individuals will experience at least two of the following symptoms during that time:
* Poor appetite or overeating
* Sleeping too much or too little
* Low energy
* Poor self-esteem
* Trouble concentrating or making decisions
* Feelings of helplessness
134
What is a protective factor following a large life event that may prevent the development of depression?
Social support
135
# Definition
a depressed, anxious, labile or irritable mood that reoccurs monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The symptoms are more distressing and disabling than the more commonly experienced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
136
What is the DSM-5 criteria for cyclothymic disorder?
For at least two years (or one year in children or adolescents)
* numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic episode
* numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode
The symptoms do not clear for more than two months at a time. Criteria for major depressive, manic or hypomanic episode have never been met. Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
137
# Define
Peripartum onset
onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania
138
# Define
Cognitive biases
tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas
139
# Define
Deep brain stimulation
a neurosurgical treatment in which electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions
140
# Definition
a specific form of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with less effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels. They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so that serotonin levels in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
141
True or False:
Individuals with Cushing Syndrome appear to be immune to the effects of depression
False
People with Cushing's syndrome, which causes oversecretion of cortisol, frequently experience depressive symptoms
142
# Definition
the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression
Neuroticism
143
What is the different in activity levels of the striatum in MDD and bipolar?
Depression: diminished activity of the striatum
Bipolar: elevated activity of the striatum
144
True or False:
Adulthood adversity, rather than childhood adversity, increases the risk of depression
False
Both adulthood and childhood adversity increases the risk but events during childhood have a larger impact
145
# Define
Bipolar I disorder
a diagnosis on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression
146
# Definition
a symptom of mania that involves rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections
Flight of ideas
147
What are the four major categories of antidepressants?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Tricyclic antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
148
# Define
Psychomotor retardation
a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly
149
True or False:
Cortisol dysregulation is present in MDD but not bipolar
False
Cortisol dysregulation is present in both MDD and bipolar
150
# Definition
an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by over secretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation and physical disfigurement
Cushing's syndrome
151
# Definition
a recent adaptation of cognitive therapy which draws on so-called 'third wave' techniques such as mindfulness meditation to help patients learn to see thoughts as harmless mental events, rather than challenge their content as in cognitive therapy
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
152
What is the main focus of behavioral couples therapy?
Researchers work with both members of a couple to improve communication and relationship satisfaction
153
Which is more common: MDD or Bipolar I?
MDD
154
# Definition
a non-invasive technique in which pulsing magnets are used to intensify or diminish brain activity in a given region
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
155
What are the three forms of bipolar disorder?
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic
156
What are the major features of Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
Severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least one year beginning before the age of 10
157
In countries such as Japan and Iceland where there is high per-capita fish consumption, diagnostic rates of MDD and bipolar disorder are
a) lower.
b) higher.
c) about the same.
d) inconclusive.
a) lower.
158
Which side of the brain is targeted in ECT?
Right side
159
# Definition
especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms and treatment strategies
Psychoeducational approaches
160
What does the rapid cycling specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
At least four episodes within the past year
Applicable to bipolar only
161
# Definition
a diagnosis on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression
Bipolar I disorder
162
Several studies suggest that it is important for people with bipolar disorder to receive psychotherapy when they are experiencing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a) depression
b) mania
c) hypomania
d) cyclothymia
a) depression
163
# Define
Hopelessness theory
cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions and has been modified again to emphasise hopelessness - an expectation that desirable outcome will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation
164
# Definition
an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania
Hypomania
165
An adaptation of cognitive therapy that focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of MDD is called
a) Interpersonal psychotherapy
b) Behavioral activation
c) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
d) Cognitive behavioral therapy
c) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
166
What factors trigger depression in bipolar disorder?
Negative life events
Neuroticism
Negative cognitive styles
Expressed Emotion
Lack of social support
167
What does the mood-incongruent psychotic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?
Delusions or hallucinations with themes that do not match the valence of the depressive or manic episode
Applicable to MDD and bipolar
168
# Definition
repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing negative mood
Rumination
169
True or False:
People in high SES are at higher risk for depression
False
170
What is the hopelessness theory of depression?
A theory that states that the most important trigger of depression in hopelessness; placing emphasis on two key dimensions of attributions:
* Stable (permanent) vs unstable (temporary) causes
* Global (relevant to many life domains) vs specific (limited to one area) causes
171
An episode of __________ is NOT required for a diagnosis of bipolar I, but it is required for a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder.
a) mania
b) depression
c) mixed episode
d) hypomania
b) depression
172
True or False:
Serotonin and dopamine receptor dysfunction is present in both MDD and bipolar
True
173
What comorbid disorders are common in individuals with bipolar?
Anxiety disorder
Substance abuse
174
How is the HPA axis implicated in MDD?
HPA axis may be overly active, suggesting that stress reactivity is an important part of depression
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# Define
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire; and either lethargy or agitation
