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PSY3032 > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

a region of the prefrontal cortex involved in working memory, motor planning, organisation and regulation, and implicated in many psychopathologies

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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2
Q

Define

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)

A

a behavioural treatment from bipolar disorder that aims to stabilise mood by addressing disruptions in circadian rhythms (e.g., stressful life events, irregular sleep/wake times)

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3
Q

Definition

tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas

A

Cognitive biases

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4
Q

Does the prevalence of Bipolar disorders differ by gender?

A

No - approximately equal in male and females

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5
Q

What are the major features of Premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Mood symptoms in the week before menses

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6
Q

Definition

a neurosurgical treatment in which electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions

A

Deep brain stimulation

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7
Q

True or False:

Some drugs that increase dopamine levels can trigger manic symptoms in people with bipolar

A

True

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8
Q

Definition

a condition, such as major depressive disorder, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur

A

Episodic disorder

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9
Q

Definition

any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders

A

Antidepressant

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10
Q

Definition

in Beck’s theory of depression, a person’s negative views of the self, the worlds and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction

A

Negative triad

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11
Q

Definition

a drug used in treating both mania and depression in bipolar patients

A

Lithium

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12
Q

Shawna has been seeing a cognitive therapist for depression. The therapist has encouraged her to do things that will help with creating a positive experience - like getting out of bed, talking to friends, and going for a walk. This behavioral technique is called

a) interpersonal psychotherapy
b) mindfulness meditation
c) behavioral activation
d) cognitive restructuring

A

c) behavioral activation

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13
Q

Define

Mood disorders

A

disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion

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14
Q

Define

Rapid cycling

A

term applied to bipolar disorders if the patient has experienced at least four episodes within the past year

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15
Q

What is the major personality trait implicated in depression?

A

Neuroticism

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16
Q

Studies on creativity and mood disorders have shown that extreme mania __________ creative output.

a) increases
b) lowers
c) has an unknown effect on
d) has no influence on

A

b) lowers

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17
Q

Define

Psychomotor agitation

A

a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness and inability to sit still

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18
Q

Define

Melancholic

A

subtype of major depressive disorder in which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression

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19
Q

Define

Attribution

A

the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred

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20
Q

Definition

a form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania

A

Bipolar II disorder

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21
Q

Define

Expressed emotion

A

hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family

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22
Q

Define

Cushing’s syndrome

A

an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by over secretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation and physical disfigurement

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23
Q

What helps explain why people with depression feel less motivated by and less engaged in positive events in their life?

A

Lack of activity in the striatum which is a central component of the reward system

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24
Q

Definition

a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter

A

Seasonal affective disorder

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25
Q

What is Beck’s theory of Depression?

A

Depression is associated with the negative triad: negative views of the self, their world, and the future

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26
Q

Definition

in the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum

A

Anterior cingulate

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27
Q

What different psychological treatments are used for depression?

A

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Behavioral couples therapy

Third wave cognitive therapies

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28
Q

Define

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

a group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamine and indolamines

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29
Q

What is the goal of third wave therapies?

A

To assist patients to adopt a ‘decentred’ or ‘defused’ perspective by teaching them , to view thoughts as ‘mental events’ rather than accurate reflections of reality or the self

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30
Q

Define

Flight of ideas

A

a symptom of mania that involves rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections

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31
Q

Define

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

A

a recent adaptation of cognitive therapy which draws on so-called ‘third wave’ techniques such as mindfulness meditation to help patients learn to see thoughts as harmless mental events, rather than challenge their content as in cognitive therapy

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32
Q

What does the atypical features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

Symptoms that are unusual for depressive or manic episodes are present

Applicable to MDD and bipolar

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33
Q

True or False:

People with depression are less responsive than other people are to drugs that increase dopamine levels

A

True

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34
Q

Define

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

a group of antidepressants with molecular structure characterised by three fused rings; they interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

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35
Q

What does the mixed features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

At least three manic symptoms are present during a depressive episode, or at least three depressive symptoms are present during a manic episode

Applicable to MDD and bipolar

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36
Q

Define

Hypomania

A

an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania

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37
Q

Definition

term applied to bipolar disorders if the patient has experienced at least four episodes within the past year

A

Rapid cycling

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38
Q

Define

Episodic disorder

A

a condition, such as major depressive disorder, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur

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39
Q

Definition

onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania

A

Peripartum onset

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40
Q

Define

Rumination

A

repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing negative mood

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41
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for Bipolar I?

A

At least one episode of mania during the course of a person’s life

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42
Q

Why is electroconvulsive therapy still used?

A

ECT is more powerful than antidepressant medication for the treatment of depression, particularly when psychotic features are present

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43
Q

Define

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

a depressed, anxious, labile or irritable mood that reoccurs monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The symptoms are more distressing and disabling than the more commonly experienced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

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44
Q

What are the major features of Cyclothymia?

A

Recurrent mood changes from high to low for at least two years, without hypomanic or depressive episodes

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45
Q

Define

Anterior cingulate

A

in the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum

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46
Q

Define

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youths older than age 6

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47
Q

Define

Behavioural couples therapy

A

clinical approach to depression in which couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy

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48
Q

Definition

amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin. Experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression

A

Tryptophan

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49
Q

Define

Antidepressant

A

any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders

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50
Q

Which has a stronger genetic influence: MDD or bipolar?

A

Bipolar

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51
Q

Definition

a group of antidepressants with molecular structure characterised by three fused rings; they interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

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52
Q

Definition

a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youths older than age 6

A

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

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53
Q

Within most psychiatric disorders, suicides are most likely to occur when a person is experiencing

a) mania.
b) comorbid depression.
c) anxiety.
d) withdrawals.

A

b) comorbid depression.

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54
Q

What are the different types of third wave cognitive therapies?

A

Mindfullness-based cognitive therapy

Commitment therapy

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

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55
Q

What does the catatonia specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

Extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement

Applicable to MDD and bipolar

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56
Q

Definition

a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly

A

Psychomotor retardation

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57
Q

Define

Persistent depressive disorder

A

a DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last at least 2 years

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58
Q

True or False:

Major depressive episodes are usually isolated and don’t tend to recur

A

False

About two-thirds of individuals experience at least one more episode in their lifetime

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59
Q

Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk of completed suicide?

a) a 29-year-old female
b) a 17-year-old male
c) a 48-year-old female
d) a 78-year-old male

A

d) a 78-year-old male

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60
Q

Define

Reward system

A

system of brain structure involved in the motivation to pursue rewards. Believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia and substance use disorders

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61
Q

What does the mood-congruent psychotic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

Delusions or hallucinations with themes that are consistent with the mood state (e.g. guilt, disease or death themes accompanying depression)

Applicable to MDD and bipolar

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62
Q

Define

Bipolar II disorder

A

a form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania

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63
Q

What is the problem with the causal relationship between interpersonal problems and depression?

A

Depressive symptoms could easily contribute to interpersonal difficulties as the person withdraws, begins to feel irritable and finds no joy when engaging with others, but these same factors may also indicate individuals at risk of developing depression.

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64
Q

What are the common physical symptoms of depression?

A

Fatigue

Low energy

Aches and pains

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65
Q

The Hollon et al. (2002) cognitive therapy versus antidepressants study found all of the following EXCEPT:

a) both cognitive therapy and medication helped people recover from depression more than a placebo.
b) when cognitive therapy and medications were combined, the effects were even greater than for either treatment alone.
c) cognitive therapy was more expensive than treatment with medication.
d) cognitive therapy helped protect against relapse over the long term.

A

c) cognitive therapy was more expensive than treatment with medication.

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66
Q

What are the levels of activation of the striatum in response to reward in MDD and bipolar?

A

MDD: Low

Bipolar: High

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67
Q

What does the seasonal pattern specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

Episodes happen regularly at a particular time of year

Applicable to MDD and bipolar

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68
Q

Which areas of the brain are targeted in deep brain stimulation?

A

Anterior cingulate

Nucleus accumbens

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69
Q

Definition

a group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamine and indolamines

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

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70
Q

Definition

a person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events

A

Attributional style

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71
Q

What does the suicide risk severity specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

Suicidal ideation, plans or other risk indicators are present

Applicable to MDD and bipolar

72
Q

What does the with anxious distress specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

At least two symptoms of anxiety are present

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder

73
Q

What are medications that reduced manic symptoms called?

A

Mood-stabilizing medications

74
Q

What two major biological treatments are used for mood disorders?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy

Medications

75
Q

Definition

a DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last at least 2 years

A

Persistent depressive disorder

76
Q

Define

Attributional style

A

a person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events

77
Q

Definition

disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion

A

Mood disorders

78
Q

Define

Striatum

A

in the subcortical region of the brain; involved in the reward system

79
Q

What types of life events have the greatest impact on the development of depression?

A

Interpersonal loss

Humiliation

80
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder

A

Sad mood or loss of pleasure in usual activities. Additional criteria includes experiencing at least 5 of the following:

  • Sleeping too much or too little
  • Psychomotor retardation or agitation
  • Weight loss or change in appetite
  • Loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
  • Difficulty concentrating, thinking or making decisions
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Symptoms are present nearly everyday, most of the day, for at least 2 weeks. Symptoms are distinct and more severe than a normative response to significant loss

81
Q

Define

Seasonal affective disorder

A

a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter

82
Q

Define

Lithium

A

a drug used in treating both mania and depression in bipolar patients

83
Q

Definition

a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes

A

Cyclothymic disorder

84
Q

Definition

a drug that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic neuron, so that levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time

A

Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

85
Q

What is the rumination theory of depression?

A

A theory that emphasizes rumination as a major cause of depression

86
Q

True or False:

Individuals with persistent depressive disorder are more likely to require hospitalization and/or attempt suicide than individuals with MDD

A

True

87
Q

Why do the symptoms of depression vary across cultures?

A

Different cultures have different cultural standards regarding acceptable expressions of emotional distress

88
Q

Definition

cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions and has been modified again to emphasise hopelessness - an expectation that desirable outcome will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation

A

Hopelessness theory

89
Q

Definition

the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred

A

Attribution

90
Q

Tryptophan

A

amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin. Experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression

91
Q

Definition

behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death

A

Non-suicidal self-injury

92
Q

Define

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

a non-invasive technique in which pulsing magnets are used to intensify or diminish brain activity in a given region

93
Q

The revised model of the helplessness theory emphasizes __________ and __________ dimensions of attributions - the explanations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred.

a) neurotic; rigid
b) internal; external
c) expectant; unpredictable
d) stable; global

A

d) stable; global

94
Q

Definition

a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire; and either lethargy or agitation

A

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

95
Q

How do the symptoms of depression differ across cultures?

A

People in South Korea are less likely to describe a sad mood or suicidal thoughts than are people in the US. Complaints of nerves and headaches are common in Latino cultures and reports of weakness, fatigue and poor concentration are common in some Asian cultures

96
Q

Definition

in the subcortical region of the brain; involved in the reward system

A

Striatum

97
Q

Definition

clinical approach to depression in which couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy

A

Behavioural couples therapy

98
Q

All of the following are true of suicide EXCEPT:

a) men are four times more likely than women to kill themselves.
b) guns are the most common means of suicide.
c) suicide rates decrease in old age.
d) being divorced or widowed elevates suicide risk.

A

c) suicide rates decrease in old age.

99
Q

Definition

a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness and inability to sit still

A

Psychomotor agitation

100
Q

Definition

subtype of major depressive disorder in which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression

A

Melancholic

101
Q

Define

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

a region of the prefrontal cortex involved in working memory, motor planning, organisation and regulation, and implicated in many psychopathologies

102
Q

Definition

a behavioural treatment from bipolar disorder that aims to stabilise mood by addressing disruptions in circadian rhythms (e.g., stressful life events, irregular sleep/wake times)

A

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)

103
Q

Define

Neuroticism

A

the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression

104
Q

Definition

intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractability, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions

A

Mania

105
Q

What two types of medications, other than lithium, are used to treat Bipolar disorder?

A

Anticonvulsants

Antipsychotics

106
Q

Define

Psychoeducational approaches

A

especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms and treatment strategies

107
Q

Define

Non-suicidal self-injury

A

behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death

108
Q

Social factors that may help to explain gender differences in depression include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) twice as many girls as boys are exposed to childhood sexual abuse.
b) social roles among girls may intensify self-critical attitudes about appearance.
c) men are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors like poverty and caretaking demands.
d) men tend to spend more time using distraction or action-focused coping.

A

c) men are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors like poverty and caretaking demands.

109
Q

What is the main focus of interpersonal therapy?

A

Examine major interpersonal problems, such as role transitions, interpersonal conflicts, bereavement and interpersonal isolation.

110
Q

Definition

hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family

A

Expressed emotion

111
Q

Define

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

a specific form of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with less effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels. They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so that serotonin levels in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time

112
Q

Define

Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

A

a drug that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic neuron, so that levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time

113
Q

Definition

system of brain structure involved in the motivation to pursue rewards. Believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia and substance use disorders

A

Reward system

114
Q

In the DSM-V, the criteria for a diagnosis of __________ disorder include a single episode of mania during the course of a person’s life.

a) bipolar II
b) cyclothymic
c) hypomanic
d) bipolar I

A

d) bipolar I

115
Q

What three neurotransmitters have been studied the most in terms of their possible role in mood disorders?

A

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin

116
Q

Define

Suicide

A

the intentional taking of one’s own life

117
Q

What comorbid disorders are often present in individuals with MDD?

A

Anxiety disorder

Substance-related disorders

Sexual dysfunctions

Personality disorders

118
Q

What two factors predict increases in manic symptoms?

A

Reward sensitivity

Sleep deprivation

119
Q

Define

Cyclothymic disorder

A

a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes

120
Q

What is one possible explanation for the increasing rates of depression over the past 100 years?

A

Support structures (i.e. tight-knit families) are steadily decreasing

121
Q

What is the likely biological cause of seasonal affective disorder?

A

Variation of melatonin levels

122
Q

What are the two broad types of mood disorders?

A

Bipolar disorder and depressive disorders

123
Q

What does the melancholic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

Lack of pleasure in any activity, inability to gain relief from positive events and at least three other symptoms of depression such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are worse in the morning, waking at least two hours too early, loss of appetite/weight, psychomotor retardation or agitation or guilt

Applicable to MDD and bipolar (depressive episodes)

124
Q

What different psychological treatments are used for Bipolar?

A

Psychoeducational approaches

Cognitive-based therapy

Family-focused therapy

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

125
Q

Is there a gender difference in the prevalence of MDD and persistent depressive disorder?

A

Yes, they are twice as common in women

126
Q

Define

Negative triad

A

in Beck’s theory of depression, a person’s negative views of the self, the worlds and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction

127
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for manic and hypomanic episodes?

A

Experience of an elevated or irritable mood. The person displays increased activity or energy, and at least three of the following are noticeably changed from baseline (four if mood is irritable)

  • Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
  • Unusual talkativeness; rapid speech
  • Flight of ideas or subjective impression that thoughts are racing
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Increased self-esteem; belief that one has special talents, powers or abilities
  • Distractability; attention easily diverted
  • Excessive involvement in activities that are likely to have painful consequences, such as reckless spending, sexual indiscretions or unwise business investments
  • Symptoms are present most of the day, nearly everyday

For a manic episode

  • Symptoms last one week, require hospitalisation or include psychosis
  • Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment

For a hypomanic episode

  • Clear changes in functioning are observable to others, but impairment is not marked
  • No psychotic symptoms are present
128
Q

Why is MDD considered to be an episodic disorder?

A

Symptoms tend to be present for a period of time and then clear

129
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for Bipolar II?

A

A person must have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania (and no lifetime episode of mania)

130
Q

What are the major features of Persistent depressive disorder?

A

Low mood and at least two other symptoms of depression at least half of the time for two years

131
Q

Define

Mania

A

intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractability, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions

132
Q

Definition

the intentional taking of one’s own life

A

Suicide

133
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for persistent depressive disorder?

A

Having a depressed mood for most of the day more than half of the time for two years (or one year for <18 year olds)

Individuals will experience at least two of the following symptoms during that time:

  • Poor appetite or overeating
  • Sleeping too much or too little
  • Low energy
  • Poor self-esteem
  • Trouble concentrating or making decisions
  • Feelings of helplessness
134
Q

What is a protective factor following a large life event that may prevent the development of depression?

A

Social support

135
Q

Definition

a depressed, anxious, labile or irritable mood that reoccurs monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The symptoms are more distressing and disabling than the more commonly experienced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

136
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for cyclothymic disorder?

A

For at least two years (or one year in children or adolescents)

  • numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic episode
  • numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode

The symptoms do not clear for more than two months at a time. Criteria for major depressive, manic or hypomanic episode have never been met. Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment

137
Q

Define

Peripartum onset

A

onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania

138
Q

Define

Cognitive biases

A

tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas

139
Q

Define

Deep brain stimulation

A

a neurosurgical treatment in which electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions

140
Q

Definition

a specific form of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with less effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels. They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so that serotonin levels in the cleft are sustained for longer periods of time

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

141
Q

True or False:

Individuals with Cushing Syndrome appear to be immune to the effects of depression

A

False

People with Cushing’s syndrome, which causes oversecretion of cortisol, frequently experience depressive symptoms

142
Q

Definition

the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression

A

Neuroticism

143
Q

What is the different in activity levels of the striatum in MDD and bipolar?

A

Depression: diminished activity of the striatum

Bipolar: elevated activity of the striatum

144
Q

True or False:

Adulthood adversity, rather than childhood adversity, increases the risk of depression

A

False

Both adulthood and childhood adversity increases the risk but events during childhood have a larger impact

145
Q

Define

Bipolar I disorder

A

a diagnosis on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression

146
Q

Definition

a symptom of mania that involves rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections

A

Flight of ideas

147
Q

What are the four major categories of antidepressants?

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Tricyclic antidepressants

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

148
Q

Define

Psychomotor retardation

A

a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly

149
Q

True or False:

Cortisol dysregulation is present in MDD but not bipolar

A

False

Cortisol dysregulation is present in both MDD and bipolar

150
Q

Definition

an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by over secretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation and physical disfigurement

A

Cushing’s syndrome

151
Q

Definition

a recent adaptation of cognitive therapy which draws on so-called ‘third wave’ techniques such as mindfulness meditation to help patients learn to see thoughts as harmless mental events, rather than challenge their content as in cognitive therapy

A

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

152
Q

What is the main focus of behavioral couples therapy?

A

Researchers work with both members of a couple to improve communication and relationship satisfaction

153
Q

Which is more common: MDD or Bipolar I?

A

MDD

154
Q

Definition

a non-invasive technique in which pulsing magnets are used to intensify or diminish brain activity in a given region

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

155
Q

What are the three forms of bipolar disorder?

A

Bipolar I

Bipolar II

Cyclothymic

156
Q

What are the major features of Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A

Severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least one year beginning before the age of 10

157
Q

In countries such as Japan and Iceland where there is high per-capita fish consumption, diagnostic rates of MDD and bipolar disorder are

a) lower.
b) higher.
c) about the same.
d) inconclusive.

A

a) lower.

158
Q

Which side of the brain is targeted in ECT?

A

Right side

159
Q

Definition

especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms and treatment strategies

A

Psychoeducational approaches

160
Q

What does the rapid cycling specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

At least four episodes within the past year

Applicable to bipolar only

161
Q

Definition

a diagnosis on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression

A

Bipolar I disorder

162
Q

Several studies suggest that it is important for people with bipolar disorder to receive psychotherapy when they are experiencing __________.

a) depression
b) mania
c) hypomania
d) cyclothymia

A

a) depression

163
Q

Define

Hopelessness theory

A

cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions and has been modified again to emphasise hopelessness - an expectation that desirable outcome will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation

164
Q

Definition

an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania

A

Hypomania

165
Q

An adaptation of cognitive therapy that focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of MDD is called

a) Interpersonal psychotherapy
b) Behavioral activation
c) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
d) Cognitive behavioral therapy

A

c) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

166
Q

What factors trigger depression in bipolar disorder?

A

Negative life events

Neuroticism

Negative cognitive styles

Expressed Emotion

Lack of social support

167
Q

What does the mood-incongruent psychotic features specifier refer to? Which mood disorder(s) is it applicable to?

A

Delusions or hallucinations with themes that do not match the valence of the depressive or manic episode

Applicable to MDD and bipolar

168
Q

Definition

repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing negative mood

A

Rumination

169
Q

True or False:

People in high SES are at higher risk for depression

A

False

170
Q

What is the hopelessness theory of depression?

A

A theory that states that the most important trigger of depression in hopelessness; placing emphasis on two key dimensions of attributions:

  • Stable (permanent) vs unstable (temporary) causes
  • Global (relevant to many life domains) vs specific (limited to one area) causes
171
Q

An episode of __________ is NOT required for a diagnosis of bipolar I, but it is required for a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder.

a) mania
b) depression
c) mixed episode
d) hypomania

A

b) depression

172
Q

True or False:

Serotonin and dopamine receptor dysfunction is present in both MDD and bipolar

A

True

173
Q

What comorbid disorders are common in individuals with bipolar?

A

Anxiety disorder

Substance abuse

174
Q

How is the HPA axis implicated in MDD?

A

HPA axis may be overly active, suggesting that stress reactivity is an important part of depression

175
Q

Define

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

A

a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire; and either lethargy or agitation

PSY3032 (13 decks)

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