Schizophrenia Flashcards
Definition
diagnosis applied when a patient has symptoms of both mood disorder and either schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder
Schizoaffective disorder
Evidence suggests that in people with schizophrenia, cognitive deficits supported by the prefrontal cortex, as well as symptoms of disorganization, may be connected to deficits involving
a) NMDA.
b) PCP.
c) GABA.
d) dopamine
a) NMDA.
True or False:
The DSM-5 has severity ratings for each symptom of schizophrenia
True
Definition
a negative symptom of schizophrenia marked by the loss of the importance of relationships, and an inability to form close relationships and to feel intimacy
Asociality
What is the main difference in neuroanatomy between a person with and a person without schizophrenia?
Schizophrenic individuals have enlarged ventricle
Define
Delusions
beliefs contrary to reality, firmly held in spite of evidence to the contrary and out of keeping with the person’s own community or cultural background. They can include: of control, belief that one is being manipulated by some external force such as radar, television or a creature from outer space; of grandeur, belief that one is an especially important of powerful person; of persecution; belief that one in being plotted against or oppressed by others
__________ studies do a better job of separating genetic and environmental effects, providing support for the heritability of schizophrenia.
a) Twin
b) Family
c) Adoption
d) Molecular
c) Adoption
True or False:
People with schizophrenia also suffer from high levels of depression and anxiety
True
Define
Disorganised behaviour
symptom of schizophrenia that is marked by odd behaviours that do not appear organised, such as bouts of agitation, unusual dress or childlike, silly behaviour
Definition
in schizophrenia, an aspect of disorganised thinking wherein the patient has difficulty sticking to one topic and drifts off on a train of associations
Loose associations (derailment)
Define
Disorganised speech
speech found in schizophrenia patients that is marked by poorly organised ideas and speech that is difficult for others to understand; also known as formal thought disorder
Definition
diagnosis given to people who have all the symptoms of schizophrenia for more than four weeks but less than six months
Schizophreniform disorder
Define
Brief psychotic disorder
a disorder in which a person has a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms - incoherence, loose associations, delusions, hallucinations - immediately after a severely disturbing event; the symptoms last more than one day but no more than a month
Define
Asociality
a negative symptom of schizophrenia marked by the loss of the importance of relationships, and an inability to form close relationships and to feel intimacy
Define
Catatonia
constellation of schizophrenia symptoms including repetitive, peculiar, complex gestures and, in some cases, an almost manic increase in overall activity level. It can also manifest as immobility, with a fixity of posture maintained for long periods, with accompanying muscular rigidity, trancelike state of consciousness and waxy flexibility
Definition
a disorder characterised by disturbances in thought, emotion, behaviour, cognitive and mood; disordered thinking in which ideas are not logically related; delusional beliefs; faulty perception, such as hallucinations; disturbances in attention; disturbances in motor activity; blunted expression of emotion; reduced desire for interpersonal relationships and withdrawal from people; diminished motivation and anticipatory pleasure; cognitive deficits in attention, concentration, memory, executive functioning and social cognition
Schizophrenia
Which neurotransmitter has been the main focus of schizophrenia studies?
Dopamine
Definition
beliefs contrary to reality, firmly held in spite of evidence to the contrary and out of keeping with the person’s own community or cultural background. They can include: of control, belief that one is being manipulated by some external force such as radar, television or a creature from outer space; of grandeur, belief that one is an especially important of powerful person; of persecution; belief that one in being plotted against or oppressed by others
Delusions
Where did the genetic evidence for schizophrenia come from?
Family, twin and adoption studies
Definition
a study that identifies people who show subtle or early signs of a disorder, such as schizophrenia, and then follows them over time to determine who might be at risk for developing the disorder
Clinical high-risk study
Define
Consummatory pleasure
pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of a pleasurable stimulus
Definition
hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family
Expressed emotion (EE)
Define
Avolition
a negative symptom of schizophrenia in which the individual lacks interest and drive
Definition
a study involving the offspring of people with a disorder, such as schizophrenia, who have a high probability of later developing a disorder
Familial high-risk study
Why is antipsychotic medication use in schizophrenia no ideal?
They have significant side effects and there is poor treatment adherence
Definition
the region of the frontal lobe of the brain that helps maintain an image of threats and rewards faced, as well as maintains focus and plans relevant to those threats and rewards
Prefrontal cortex
Definition
a negative symptom in schizophrenia or a symptom in depression in which the individual experiences a loss of interest and pleasure
Anhedonia
What are other psychotic disorders that differ to schizophrenia in duration?
Schizophreniform disorder
Brief psychotic disorder
Define
Alogia
a negative symptom in schizophrenia, marked by poverty of thought and speech
Definition
an older term for schizophrenia, believed then to be an incurable and progressive deterioration of mental functioning beginning in adolescence
Dementia praecox
Define
Negative symptoms
a symptom domain characterised by deficits that include blunted affect, anhedonia, asociality, alogia and avolition
Define
Dementia praecox
an older term for schizophrenia, believed then to be an incurable and progressive deterioration of mental functioning beginning in adolescence
Define
Disorganised symptoms
broad category of symptoms in schizophrenia that includes disorganised speech, disorganised thinking and disorganised behaviour
Definition
a behavioural training based intervention that targets cognitive processes such as attention, concentration, memory, executive function, speed of processing, social cognitive or metacognition
Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT)
Define
Anhedonia
a negative symptom in schizophrenia or a symptom in depression in which the individual experiences a loss of interest and pleasure
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Avolition
Alogia
Blunted affect
Anhedonia
Asociality
Which hypothesis is supported by studies assessing the link between socioeconomic status and schizophrenia?
Social selection or sociogenic
Social selection hypothesis
Acute episodes of schizophrenia are typically characterized by __________ symptoms.
a) negative
b) positive
c) catatonic
d) disorganized
b) positive
Define
Familial high-risk study
a study involving the offspring of people with a disorder, such as schizophrenia, who have a high probability of later developing a disorder
Recently developed treatments that seek to enhance basic cognitive functions, such as verbal learning ability, are referred to as
a) cognitive enhancement therapy.
b) enrichment supportive therapy.
c) social skills training.
d) expressed emotion therapy.
a) cognitive enhancement therapy.
What do all antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia do?
They are dopamine receptor blocking agents
True or False:
The DSM-5 includes several subtypes of schizophrenia
False
They do not have adequate validity and are not very useful
Define
Delusional disorder
a disorder in which the individual has persistent delusions and is very often contentious but has no disorganized thinking or hallucinations
Define
Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT)
a behavioural training based intervention that targets cognitive processes such as attention, concentration, memory, executive function, speed of processing, social cognitive or metacognition
What are the five major symptom domains in schizophrenia?
Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
Disorganised symptoms
Cognitive
Mood/anxiety
Define
Loss of insight
a loss of the ability of a person to recognise that their symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, are pert of an illness, that they need treatment to help control these symptoms and that it is reasonable for them to see mental health professionals for help
Define
Derailment
Another term for loose associations
Define
Ideas of reference
delusional thinking that reads personal significance into seemingly trivial remarks of activities of others and completely unrelated events
Definition
any of several drugs, such as clozapine, used to treat schizophrenia that produces fewer motion adverse effects than traditional antipsychotics while reducing positive and disorganised symptoms at least as effectively; may, however, be associated with increased and serious adverse effects of other varieties
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs
Define
Schizoaffective disorder
diagnosis applied when a patient has symptoms of both mood disorder and either schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder
What are the disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia?
Disorganised speech
Disorganised behaviour
What do the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia include?
Neurocognitive (i.e. attention, memory, executive function and speed of processing) and social cognition (emotion recognition, theory of mind and attributional bias) deficits
What is the genetic and environmental status of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder with a significant environmental input
Definition
symptom of schizophrenia that is marked by odd behaviours that do not appear organised, such as bouts of agitation, unusual dress or childlike, silly behaviour
Disorganised behaviour
Definition
pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of a pleasurable stimulus
Consummatory pleasure
What have familial high risk studies found about schizophrenia?
Children with a biological parent with schizophrenia are more likely to develop adult psychopathology, including schizophrenia, and have difficulties with attention and motor control
Define
Clinical high-risk study
a study that identifies people who show subtle or early signs of a disorder, such as schizophrenia, and then follows them over time to determine who might be at risk for developing the disorder
Define
Social skills training
behaviour therapy procedures, such as modelling and behavioural rehearsal, for teaching individuals how to meet others, talk to the, and maintain eye contact, give and receive criticism, offer and accept complements, make requests and express feelings and otherwise improve the relations with other people
Define
Schizophrenia
a disorder characterised by disturbances in thought, emotion, behaviour, cognitive and mood; disordered thinking in which ideas are not logically related; delusional beliefs; faulty perception, such as hallucinations; disturbances in attention; disturbances in motor activity; blunted expression of emotion; reduced desire for interpersonal relationships and withdrawal from people; diminished motivation and anticipatory pleasure; cognitive deficits in attention, concentration, memory, executive functioning and social cognition
Definition
perceptions in any sensory modality without relevant and adequate external stimuli
Hallucinations
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Delusions
Define
Grandiose delusion
a delusion of an exaggerated sense of one’s importance, power, knowledge or identity
What two domains to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia represent?
Motivation/pleasure
Expression
Definition
a delusion of an exaggerated sense of one’s importance, power, knowledge or identity
Grandiose delusion
Definition
broad category of symptoms in schizophrenia that includes disorganised speech, disorganised thinking and disorganised behaviour
Disorganised symptoms
Define
Anticipatory pleasure
expected or anticipated pleasure for events, people or activities in the future
Which disorder involves delusions but no other symptoms of schizophrenia?
Delusional disorder
Define
Prefrontal cortex
the region of the frontal lobe of the brain that helps maintain an image of threats and rewards faced, as well as maintains focus and plans relevant to those threats and rewards
Define
Expressed emotion (EE)
hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family
Define
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs
any of several drugs, such as clozapine, used to treat schizophrenia that produces fewer motion adverse effects than traditional antipsychotics while reducing positive and disorganised symptoms at least as effectively; may, however, be associated with increased and serious adverse effects of other varieties
Definition
an idea that seeks causes in social conditions, for example, that being in a low social class can cause one to develop schizophrenia
Sociogenic hypothesis
Definition
a negative symptom in schizophrenia, marked by poverty of thought and speech
Alogia
Define
Positive symptoms
a symptom domain characterised by hallucinations and delusions
Which neuroanatomy changes have been identified in schizophrenia?
Enlarged ventricles
Reduced activity of the prefrontal cortex
Temporal lobe changes
Definition
expected or anticipated pleasure for events, people or activities in the future
Anticipatory pleasure
Definition
a disorder in which the individual has persistent delusions and is very often contentious but has no disorganized thinking or hallucinations
Delusional disorder
What are the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia?
- Two or more of the following symptoms for at least one month; one symptoms should be either 1, 2 or 3:
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganised speech
- Disorganised (or catatonic) behaviour
- Negative symptoms (diminished motivation or emotional expression)
- Functioning in work, relationships or self-care has declined since onset
- Signs of disorder for at least six months; or, if during a prodromal or residual phase, negative symptoms or two or more symptoms 1-4 in less severe form
Definition
a symptom domain characterised by deficits that include blunted affect, anhedonia, asociality, alogia and avolition
Negative symptoms
What is the name of the disorder that involves symptoms of both schizophrenia and either a depressive or manic episode?
Schizoaffective disorder
Which type of professional is responsible for identifying and coordinating the range of medical and psychological services that people with schizophrenia need to keep functioning?
a) Psychiatric nurses
b) Psychiatrists
c) Case managers
d) Forensic Psychologist
c) Case managers
What is the relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia?
Cannabis use among adolescents has been associated with greater risk of schizophrenia, particularly among those who are genetically vulnerable to the disorder
Which feature of family interaction has been implicated in relapse of schizophrenia?
Expressed emotion
Which neurotransmitters are being studied for their potential role in schizophrenia?
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Glutamate
What psychosocial interventions are used in the management of schizophrenia?
Psychoeducation
Social skills training
Assertive case management
Cognitive-based therapy
Cognitive remediation therapy
Supported employment
Good treatment of schizophrenia includes what?
Integration of psychosocial interventions into the pharmacological management of schizophrenia
What have molecular genetics studies found about schizophrenia?
They have identified both de novo and rare alleles, and copy number variations associated with schizophrenia that are usually rare causes of the disorder
When is the typical onset of schizophrenia?
Late adolescence or early adulthood
Definition
constellation of schizophrenia symptoms including repetitive, peculiar, complex gestures and, in some cases, an almost manic increase in overall activity level. It can also manifest as immobility, with a fixity of posture maintained for long periods, with accompanying muscular rigidity, trancelike state of consciousness and waxy flexibility
Catatonia
How have genome-wide association studies contributed to our knowledge of schizophrenia?
They have identified a large number of genes of small effect associated with genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia
Define
Sociogenic hypothesis
an idea that seeks causes in social conditions, for example, that being in a low social class can cause one to develop schizophrenia
Definition
a negative symptom of schizophrenia in which the individual lacks interest and drive
Avolition
Definition
speech found in schizophrenia patients that is marked by poorly organised ideas and speech that is difficult for others to understand; also known as formal thought disorder
Disorganised speech
Some people with schizophrenia function too well to remain in a hospital and yet do not function well enough to live on their own or even within their family, making them appropriate for a setting known as a(n)
a) forensic treatment center.
b) community mental health center.
c) inpatient facility.
d) residential treatment home.
d) residential treatment home.
True or False:
Families have a major influence on the onset schizophrenia
False
Define
Social selection hypothesis
an attempt to explain the correlation between social class and schizophrenia by arguing that people with schizophrenia tend to move downward in socioeconimic status
Define
Hallucinations
perceptions in any sensory modality without relevant and adequate external stimuli
Definition
a disorder in which a person has a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms - incoherence, loose associations, delusions, hallucinations - immediately after a severely disturbing event; the symptoms last more than one day but no more than a month
Brief psychotic disorder
___________ in families is important and could perhaps constitute the stress in the diathesis-stress theory of schizophrenia
Communication
What have retrospective developmental studies of schizophrenia found?
Some adults with schizophrenia had lower IQs and were withdrawn and delinquent as children
Define
Blunted affect
a negative symptom of schizophrenia that involves a lack of outward expression of emotion
Definition
a symptom domain characterised by hallucinations and delusions
Positive symptoms
Definition
behaviour therapy procedures, such as modelling and behavioural rehearsal, for teaching individuals how to meet others, talk to the, and maintain eye contact, give and receive criticism, offer and accept complements, make requests and express feelings and otherwise improve the relations with other people
Social skills training
Results from one study suggest that being __________ and being __________ are predictors of better insight into their condition for people experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia.
a) male; young
b) female; young
c) female; older
d) male; older
c) female; older
Define
Schizophreniform disorder
diagnosis given to people who have all the symptoms of schizophrenia for more than four weeks but less than six months
What is attenuated psychosis syndrome? Why was it not included in the DSM-5?
Schizophrenia that has positive symptoms in attenuated form that cause distress and have worsened in the past year. It was not included in the DSM-5 because the research to date is limited
What are considered the cornerstone treatment of schizophrenia?
Antipsychotic medications
Definition
a loss of the ability of a person to recognise that their symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, are pert of an illness, that they need treatment to help control these symptoms and that it is reasonable for them to see mental health professionals for help
Loss of insight
Definition
Another term for loose associations
Derailment
Which environmental factors may impact the developing brain and increase the risk of schizophrenia?
Obstetric complications
Prenatal infections
Define
Loose associations (derailment)
in schizophrenia, an aspect of disorganised thinking wherein the patient has difficulty sticking to one topic and drifts off on a train of associations
Definition
delusional thinking that reads personal significance into seemingly trivial remarks of activities of others and completely unrelated events
Ideas of reference
Definition
an attempt to explain the correlation between social class and schizophrenia by arguing that people with schizophrenia tend to move downward in socioeconimic status
Social selection hypothesis
Definition
a negative symptom of schizophrenia that involves a lack of outward expression of emotion
Blunted affect
Studies have suggested that using __________, along with medications, can help to reduce hallucinations and delusions.
a) social skills training
b) re-education
c) cognitive behavioral therapy
d) Psychodynamic therapy
c) cognitive behavioral therapy
