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PSY3032 > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

diagnosis applied when a patient has symptoms of both mood disorder and either schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder

A

Schizoaffective disorder

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2
Q

Evidence suggests that in people with schizophrenia, cognitive deficits supported by the prefrontal cortex, as well as symptoms of disorganization, may be connected to deficits involving

a) NMDA.
b) PCP.
c) GABA.
d) dopamine

A

a) NMDA.

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3
Q

True or False:

The DSM-5 has severity ratings for each symptom of schizophrenia

A

True

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4
Q

Definition

a negative symptom of schizophrenia marked by the loss of the importance of relationships, and an inability to form close relationships and to feel intimacy

A

Asociality

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5
Q

What is the main difference in neuroanatomy between a person with and a person without schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenic individuals have enlarged ventricle

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6
Q

Define

Delusions

A

beliefs contrary to reality, firmly held in spite of evidence to the contrary and out of keeping with the person’s own community or cultural background. They can include: of control, belief that one is being manipulated by some external force such as radar, television or a creature from outer space; of grandeur, belief that one is an especially important of powerful person; of persecution; belief that one in being plotted against or oppressed by others

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7
Q

__________ studies do a better job of separating genetic and environmental effects, providing support for the heritability of schizophrenia.

a) Twin
b) Family
c) Adoption
d) Molecular

A

c) Adoption

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8
Q

True or False:

People with schizophrenia also suffer from high levels of depression and anxiety

A

True

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9
Q

Define

Disorganised behaviour

A

symptom of schizophrenia that is marked by odd behaviours that do not appear organised, such as bouts of agitation, unusual dress or childlike, silly behaviour

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10
Q

Definition

in schizophrenia, an aspect of disorganised thinking wherein the patient has difficulty sticking to one topic and drifts off on a train of associations

A

Loose associations (derailment)

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11
Q

Define

Disorganised speech

A

speech found in schizophrenia patients that is marked by poorly organised ideas and speech that is difficult for others to understand; also known as formal thought disorder

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12
Q

Definition

diagnosis given to people who have all the symptoms of schizophrenia for more than four weeks but less than six months

A

Schizophreniform disorder

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13
Q

Define

Brief psychotic disorder

A

a disorder in which a person has a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms - incoherence, loose associations, delusions, hallucinations - immediately after a severely disturbing event; the symptoms last more than one day but no more than a month

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14
Q

Define

Asociality

A

a negative symptom of schizophrenia marked by the loss of the importance of relationships, and an inability to form close relationships and to feel intimacy

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15
Q

Define

Catatonia

A

constellation of schizophrenia symptoms including repetitive, peculiar, complex gestures and, in some cases, an almost manic increase in overall activity level. It can also manifest as immobility, with a fixity of posture maintained for long periods, with accompanying muscular rigidity, trancelike state of consciousness and waxy flexibility

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16
Q

Definition

a disorder characterised by disturbances in thought, emotion, behaviour, cognitive and mood; disordered thinking in which ideas are not logically related; delusional beliefs; faulty perception, such as hallucinations; disturbances in attention; disturbances in motor activity; blunted expression of emotion; reduced desire for interpersonal relationships and withdrawal from people; diminished motivation and anticipatory pleasure; cognitive deficits in attention, concentration, memory, executive functioning and social cognition

A

Schizophrenia

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17
Q

Which neurotransmitter has been the main focus of schizophrenia studies?

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

Definition

beliefs contrary to reality, firmly held in spite of evidence to the contrary and out of keeping with the person’s own community or cultural background. They can include: of control, belief that one is being manipulated by some external force such as radar, television or a creature from outer space; of grandeur, belief that one is an especially important of powerful person; of persecution; belief that one in being plotted against or oppressed by others

A

Delusions

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19
Q

Where did the genetic evidence for schizophrenia come from?

A

Family, twin and adoption studies

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20
Q

Definition

a study that identifies people who show subtle or early signs of a disorder, such as schizophrenia, and then follows them over time to determine who might be at risk for developing the disorder

A

Clinical high-risk study

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21
Q

Define

Consummatory pleasure

A

pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of a pleasurable stimulus

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22
Q

Definition

hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family

A

Expressed emotion (EE)

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23
Q

Define

Avolition

A

a negative symptom of schizophrenia in which the individual lacks interest and drive

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24
Q

Definition

a study involving the offspring of people with a disorder, such as schizophrenia, who have a high probability of later developing a disorder

A

Familial high-risk study

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25
Q

Why is antipsychotic medication use in schizophrenia no ideal?

A

They have significant side effects and there is poor treatment adherence

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26
Q

Definition

the region of the frontal lobe of the brain that helps maintain an image of threats and rewards faced, as well as maintains focus and plans relevant to those threats and rewards

A

Prefrontal cortex

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27
Q

Definition

a negative symptom in schizophrenia or a symptom in depression in which the individual experiences a loss of interest and pleasure

A

Anhedonia

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28
Q

What are other psychotic disorders that differ to schizophrenia in duration?

A

Schizophreniform disorder

Brief psychotic disorder

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29
Q

Define

Alogia

A

a negative symptom in schizophrenia, marked by poverty of thought and speech

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30
Q

Definition

an older term for schizophrenia, believed then to be an incurable and progressive deterioration of mental functioning beginning in adolescence

A

Dementia praecox

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31
Q

Define

Negative symptoms

A

a symptom domain characterised by deficits that include blunted affect, anhedonia, asociality, alogia and avolition

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32
Q

Define

Dementia praecox

A

an older term for schizophrenia, believed then to be an incurable and progressive deterioration of mental functioning beginning in adolescence

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33
Q

Define

Disorganised symptoms

A

broad category of symptoms in schizophrenia that includes disorganised speech, disorganised thinking and disorganised behaviour

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34
Q

Definition

a behavioural training based intervention that targets cognitive processes such as attention, concentration, memory, executive function, speed of processing, social cognitive or metacognition

A

Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT)

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35
Q

Define

Anhedonia

A

a negative symptom in schizophrenia or a symptom in depression in which the individual experiences a loss of interest and pleasure

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36
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Avolition

Alogia

Blunted affect

Anhedonia

Asociality

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37
Q

Which hypothesis is supported by studies assessing the link between socioeconomic status and schizophrenia?

Social selection or sociogenic

A

Social selection hypothesis

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38
Q

Acute episodes of schizophrenia are typically characterized by __________ symptoms.

a) negative
b) positive
c) catatonic
d) disorganized

A

b) positive

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39
Q

Define

Familial high-risk study

A

a study involving the offspring of people with a disorder, such as schizophrenia, who have a high probability of later developing a disorder

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40
Q

Recently developed treatments that seek to enhance basic cognitive functions, such as verbal learning ability, are referred to as

a) cognitive enhancement therapy.
b) enrichment supportive therapy.
c) social skills training.
d) expressed emotion therapy.

A

a) cognitive enhancement therapy.

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41
Q

What do all antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia do?

A

They are dopamine receptor blocking agents

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42
Q

True or False:

The DSM-5 includes several subtypes of schizophrenia

A

False

They do not have adequate validity and are not very useful

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43
Q

Define

Delusional disorder

A

a disorder in which the individual has persistent delusions and is very often contentious but has no disorganized thinking or hallucinations

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44
Q

Define

Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT)

A

a behavioural training based intervention that targets cognitive processes such as attention, concentration, memory, executive function, speed of processing, social cognitive or metacognition

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45
Q

What are the five major symptom domains in schizophrenia?

A

Positive symptoms

Negative symptoms

Disorganised symptoms

Cognitive

Mood/anxiety

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46
Q

Define

Loss of insight

A

a loss of the ability of a person to recognise that their symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, are pert of an illness, that they need treatment to help control these symptoms and that it is reasonable for them to see mental health professionals for help

47
Q

Define

Derailment

A

Another term for loose associations

48
Q

Define

Ideas of reference

A

delusional thinking that reads personal significance into seemingly trivial remarks of activities of others and completely unrelated events

49
Q

Definition

any of several drugs, such as clozapine, used to treat schizophrenia that produces fewer motion adverse effects than traditional antipsychotics while reducing positive and disorganised symptoms at least as effectively; may, however, be associated with increased and serious adverse effects of other varieties

A

Second-generation antipsychotic drugs

50
Q

Define

Schizoaffective disorder

A

diagnosis applied when a patient has symptoms of both mood disorder and either schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder

51
Q

What are the disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Disorganised speech

Disorganised behaviour

52
Q

What do the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia include?

A

Neurocognitive (i.e. attention, memory, executive function and speed of processing) and social cognition (emotion recognition, theory of mind and attributional bias) deficits

53
Q

What is the genetic and environmental status of schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder with a significant environmental input

54
Q

Definition

symptom of schizophrenia that is marked by odd behaviours that do not appear organised, such as bouts of agitation, unusual dress or childlike, silly behaviour

A

Disorganised behaviour

55
Q

Definition

pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of a pleasurable stimulus

A

Consummatory pleasure

56
Q

What have familial high risk studies found about schizophrenia?

A

Children with a biological parent with schizophrenia are more likely to develop adult psychopathology, including schizophrenia, and have difficulties with attention and motor control

57
Q

Define

Clinical high-risk study

A

a study that identifies people who show subtle or early signs of a disorder, such as schizophrenia, and then follows them over time to determine who might be at risk for developing the disorder

58
Q

Define

Social skills training

A

behaviour therapy procedures, such as modelling and behavioural rehearsal, for teaching individuals how to meet others, talk to the, and maintain eye contact, give and receive criticism, offer and accept complements, make requests and express feelings and otherwise improve the relations with other people

59
Q

Define

Schizophrenia

A

a disorder characterised by disturbances in thought, emotion, behaviour, cognitive and mood; disordered thinking in which ideas are not logically related; delusional beliefs; faulty perception, such as hallucinations; disturbances in attention; disturbances in motor activity; blunted expression of emotion; reduced desire for interpersonal relationships and withdrawal from people; diminished motivation and anticipatory pleasure; cognitive deficits in attention, concentration, memory, executive functioning and social cognition

60
Q

Definition

perceptions in any sensory modality without relevant and adequate external stimuli

A

Hallucinations

61
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations

Delusions

62
Q

Define

Grandiose delusion

A

a delusion of an exaggerated sense of one’s importance, power, knowledge or identity

63
Q

What two domains to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia represent?

A

Motivation/pleasure

Expression

64
Q

Definition

a delusion of an exaggerated sense of one’s importance, power, knowledge or identity

A

Grandiose delusion

65
Q

Definition

broad category of symptoms in schizophrenia that includes disorganised speech, disorganised thinking and disorganised behaviour

A

Disorganised symptoms

66
Q

Define

Anticipatory pleasure

A

expected or anticipated pleasure for events, people or activities in the future

67
Q

Which disorder involves delusions but no other symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Delusional disorder

68
Q

Define

Prefrontal cortex

A

the region of the frontal lobe of the brain that helps maintain an image of threats and rewards faced, as well as maintains focus and plans relevant to those threats and rewards

69
Q

Define

Expressed emotion (EE)

A

hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family

70
Q

Define

Second-generation antipsychotic drugs

A

any of several drugs, such as clozapine, used to treat schizophrenia that produces fewer motion adverse effects than traditional antipsychotics while reducing positive and disorganised symptoms at least as effectively; may, however, be associated with increased and serious adverse effects of other varieties

71
Q

Definition

an idea that seeks causes in social conditions, for example, that being in a low social class can cause one to develop schizophrenia

A

Sociogenic hypothesis

72
Q

Definition

a negative symptom in schizophrenia, marked by poverty of thought and speech

A

Alogia

73
Q

Define

Positive symptoms

A

a symptom domain characterised by hallucinations and delusions

74
Q

Which neuroanatomy changes have been identified in schizophrenia?

A

Enlarged ventricles

Reduced activity of the prefrontal cortex

Temporal lobe changes

75
Q

Definition

expected or anticipated pleasure for events, people or activities in the future

A

Anticipatory pleasure

76
Q

Definition

a disorder in which the individual has persistent delusions and is very often contentious but has no disorganized thinking or hallucinations

A

Delusional disorder

77
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia?

A
  • Two or more of the following symptoms for at least one month; one symptoms should be either 1, 2 or 3:
    1. Delusions
    2. Hallucinations
    3. Disorganised speech
    4. Disorganised (or catatonic) behaviour
    5. Negative symptoms (diminished motivation or emotional expression)
  • Functioning in work, relationships or self-care has declined since onset
  • Signs of disorder for at least six months; or, if during a prodromal or residual phase, negative symptoms or two or more symptoms 1-4 in less severe form
78
Q

Definition

a symptom domain characterised by deficits that include blunted affect, anhedonia, asociality, alogia and avolition

A

Negative symptoms

79
Q

What is the name of the disorder that involves symptoms of both schizophrenia and either a depressive or manic episode?

A

Schizoaffective disorder

80
Q

Which type of professional is responsible for identifying and coordinating the range of medical and psychological services that people with schizophrenia need to keep functioning?

a) Psychiatric nurses
b) Psychiatrists
c) Case managers
d) Forensic Psychologist

A

c) Case managers

81
Q

What is the relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia?

A

Cannabis use among adolescents has been associated with greater risk of schizophrenia, particularly among those who are genetically vulnerable to the disorder

82
Q

Which feature of family interaction has been implicated in relapse of schizophrenia?

A

Expressed emotion

83
Q

Which neurotransmitters are being studied for their potential role in schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

Serotonin

GABA

Glutamate

84
Q

What psychosocial interventions are used in the management of schizophrenia?

A

Psychoeducation

Social skills training

Assertive case management

Cognitive-based therapy

Cognitive remediation therapy

Supported employment

85
Q

Good treatment of schizophrenia includes what?

A

Integration of psychosocial interventions into the pharmacological management of schizophrenia

86
Q

What have molecular genetics studies found about schizophrenia?

A

They have identified both de novo and rare alleles, and copy number variations associated with schizophrenia that are usually rare causes of the disorder

87
Q

When is the typical onset of schizophrenia?

A

Late adolescence or early adulthood

88
Q

Definition

constellation of schizophrenia symptoms including repetitive, peculiar, complex gestures and, in some cases, an almost manic increase in overall activity level. It can also manifest as immobility, with a fixity of posture maintained for long periods, with accompanying muscular rigidity, trancelike state of consciousness and waxy flexibility

A

Catatonia

89
Q

How have genome-wide association studies contributed to our knowledge of schizophrenia?

A

They have identified a large number of genes of small effect associated with genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia

90
Q

Define

Sociogenic hypothesis

A

an idea that seeks causes in social conditions, for example, that being in a low social class can cause one to develop schizophrenia

91
Q

Definition

a negative symptom of schizophrenia in which the individual lacks interest and drive

A

Avolition

92
Q

Definition

speech found in schizophrenia patients that is marked by poorly organised ideas and speech that is difficult for others to understand; also known as formal thought disorder

A

Disorganised speech

93
Q

Some people with schizophrenia function too well to remain in a hospital and yet do not function well enough to live on their own or even within their family, making them appropriate for a setting known as a(n)

a) forensic treatment center.
b) community mental health center.
c) inpatient facility.
d) residential treatment home.

A

d) residential treatment home.

94
Q

True or False:

Families have a major influence on the onset schizophrenia

A

False

95
Q

Define

Social selection hypothesis

A

an attempt to explain the correlation between social class and schizophrenia by arguing that people with schizophrenia tend to move downward in socioeconimic status

96
Q

Define

Hallucinations

A

perceptions in any sensory modality without relevant and adequate external stimuli

97
Q

Definition

a disorder in which a person has a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms - incoherence, loose associations, delusions, hallucinations - immediately after a severely disturbing event; the symptoms last more than one day but no more than a month

A

Brief psychotic disorder

98
Q

___________ in families is important and could perhaps constitute the stress in the diathesis-stress theory of schizophrenia

A

Communication

99
Q

What have retrospective developmental studies of schizophrenia found?

A

Some adults with schizophrenia had lower IQs and were withdrawn and delinquent as children

100
Q

Define

Blunted affect

A

a negative symptom of schizophrenia that involves a lack of outward expression of emotion

101
Q

Definition

a symptom domain characterised by hallucinations and delusions

A

Positive symptoms

102
Q

Definition

behaviour therapy procedures, such as modelling and behavioural rehearsal, for teaching individuals how to meet others, talk to the, and maintain eye contact, give and receive criticism, offer and accept complements, make requests and express feelings and otherwise improve the relations with other people

A

Social skills training

103
Q

Results from one study suggest that being __________ and being __________ are predictors of better insight into their condition for people experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia.

a) male; young
b) female; young
c) female; older
d) male; older

A

c) female; older

104
Q

Define

Schizophreniform disorder

A

diagnosis given to people who have all the symptoms of schizophrenia for more than four weeks but less than six months

105
Q

What is attenuated psychosis syndrome? Why was it not included in the DSM-5?

A

Schizophrenia that has positive symptoms in attenuated form that cause distress and have worsened in the past year. It was not included in the DSM-5 because the research to date is limited

106
Q

What are considered the cornerstone treatment of schizophrenia?

A

Antipsychotic medications

107
Q

Definition

a loss of the ability of a person to recognise that their symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, are pert of an illness, that they need treatment to help control these symptoms and that it is reasonable for them to see mental health professionals for help

A

Loss of insight

108
Q

Definition

Another term for loose associations

A

Derailment

109
Q

Which environmental factors may impact the developing brain and increase the risk of schizophrenia?

A

Obstetric complications

Prenatal infections

110
Q

Define

Loose associations (derailment)

A

in schizophrenia, an aspect of disorganised thinking wherein the patient has difficulty sticking to one topic and drifts off on a train of associations

111
Q

Definition

delusional thinking that reads personal significance into seemingly trivial remarks of activities of others and completely unrelated events

A

Ideas of reference

112
Q

Definition

an attempt to explain the correlation between social class and schizophrenia by arguing that people with schizophrenia tend to move downward in socioeconimic status

A

Social selection hypothesis

113
Q

Definition

a negative symptom of schizophrenia that involves a lack of outward expression of emotion

A

Blunted affect

114
Q

Studies have suggested that using __________, along with medications, can help to reduce hallucinations and delusions.

a) social skills training
b) re-education
c) cognitive behavioral therapy
d) Psychodynamic therapy

A

c) cognitive behavioral therapy

PSY3032 (13 decks)

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