Body Image and Eating Disorders Flashcards
How are dopamine transporters implicated in anorexia and bulimia?
Women with either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa have greater expression of the dopamine transporter gene DAT and less expression of the dopamine gene DRD2
What treatments are effective for binge-eating disorder?
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Interpersonal therapy
Which other disorders are often comorbid with bulimia nervosa?
Depression
Anxiety disorders
Substance use disorder
Conduct disorder
Personality disorders
The DSM diagnosis of bulimia nervosa requires that the episodes of binging and purging occur at least __________ a week for __________ months.
a) four times; three
b) three times; four
c) once; three
d) twice; six
c) once; three
Which is more effective alone to treat eating disorders: CBT or medication?
CBT
Which other disorders are often comorbid with anorexia nervosa?
Depression
OCD
Specific phobia
Panic disorder
Personality disorders
What are the two main effective treatments for anorexia nervosa?
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Family-based therapy
When anorexia nervosa does occur in men, symptomatology and other characteristics, such as reports of family conflict, are generally __________ those reported by women with the disorder.
a) higher than
b) lower than
c) more variable than
d) similar to
d) similar to
People who develop anorexia nervosa symptoms usually report that symptoms start after what?
A period of weight loss and dieting
Define
Anorexia nervosa
a disorder in which a person refuses to maintain normal weight, has an intense fear of gaining weight and feels fat even when emaciated
What role does dopamine play with regards to eating disorders?
Dopamine is related to the rewarding/pleasing aspects of food
The degree to which someone assimilates their own culture with a new culture, known as____________________, is another influence on the development of an eating disorder.
a) socioeconomic diathesis
b) culture disparity
c) acculturative stress
d) sociocultural incongruity
c) acculturative stress
Medications used to treat anorexia have
a) been more successful than medications that treat bulimia.
b) not been successful for improving weight or other core symptoms.
c) fewer side effects than the ones used to treat bulimia.
d) been shown to work only for a short period of time.
b) not been successful for improving weight or other core symptoms.
Which type of medications have been found to reduce binge eating and purging in bulimic individuals?
a) Sedatives
b) Mood stabilizers
c) Anxiolytics
d) Antidepressants
d) Antidepressants
What is the DSM-5 criteria for binge-eating disorder?
- Recurrent binge eating episode, including at least 3 of the following:
- Eating more quickly than usual
- Eating until overly full
- Eating large amounts even if not hungry
- Eating alone due to embarrassment about large food quantity
- Feeling bad after the binge-eating episode
- No compensatory behaviour is present
True or False:
90% of people with bulimia nervosa are women
True
Which personality trait is a risk factor for eating disorders?
Perfectionism
Definition
measure of body fat calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in metres squared; considered a more valid estimate of body fat than many others
Body mass index (BMI)
Are differences in cortisol levels a cause or consequence of anorexia nervosa?
Consequence - levels return to normal after weight gain
What do cognitive-behavioural theories of eating disorders focus on?
Body dissatisfaction
Preoccupation with thinness
Attention
Memory
People with bulimia report that they lose control during a binge, even to the point of experiencing something akin to what occurs in __________.
a) a euphoricstate
b) addiction
c) depression
d) a psychotic state
b) addiction
What are some common risk factors for the development of binge-eating disorder?
Childhood obesity
Critical comments about being overweight
Weight-loss attempts in childhood
Low self-concept
Depression
Childhood physical/sexual abuse
True or False:
Antidepressants are useful to treat all eating disorders
False
Antidepressants help in the treatment of bulimia nervosa but not anorexia or binge-eating disorders
True or False:
People who have recovered from anorexia nervosa continue to have lower serotonin activity
True
Suggesting that this neurotransmitter imbalance may be a trait-related disturbance rather than a symptom of malnutrition. This is also true for bulimia
What are the two subtypes of anorexia nervosa?
Restricting
Binge-eating/purging
Which two neurotransmitters have been extensively researched for their impact on eating disorders?
Serotonin
Dopamine
Definition
currently defined as exhibiting a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30
Obese
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Regulate hunger and eating
What proportion of individuals with anorexia nervosa completely recover?
50%
Define
Obese
currently defined as exhibiting a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30
Define
Body mass index (BMI)
measure of body fat calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in metres squared; considered a more valid estimate of body fat than many others
What are the DSM-5 criteria for anorexia nervosa?
- People with anorexia nervosa undertake a restriction of food that leads to very low body weight; their body weight is significantly below normal
- People with anorexia nervosa have an intense fear of weight gain or repeat behaviors that interfere with weight gain
- People with anorexia nervosa experience body image disturbance
Definition
a disorder in which a person refuses to maintain normal weight, has an intense fear of gaining weight and feels fat even when emaciated
Anorexia nervosa
What are the physical consequences of binge-eating disorder?
Type 2 diabetes
Cardiovascular problems
Chronic back pain
Headaches
What is the main difference between individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
Weight loss: people with anorexia nervosa lose a tremendous amount of weight, whereas people with bulimia nervosa do not
What are the severity ratings for anorexia nervosa based on?
BMI
What are the DSM-5 criteria for bulimia nervosa?
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Recurrent compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain (i.e. vomiting)
- Body shape and weight are considered to be extremely important for self-evaluation
What are the severity ratings for bulimia nervosa based on?
Number of compensatory behaviours/week
Define
Bulimia nervosa
a disorder characterised by recurrent, uncontrollable binge-eating episodes followed by purging either by vomiting or by taking laxatives
One striking difference between anorexia and bulimia is __________.
a) the method of purging used
b) the age of onset
c) the degree of weight loss
d) the degree of weight gain
c) the degree of weight loss
Research suggests that key features of the eating disorders, such as __________, are heritable.
a) a strong desire to be thin.
b) binge eating
c) dissatisfaction with one’s body
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
True or False:
People with bulimia nervosa have high levels of endogenous opioids
False
Unlike anorexia, individuals with bulimia have low levels of endogenous opioids
True or False:
People with eating disorders tend to remember body-shape-related stimuli better than other people
True
Which has higher rates of suicide: anorexia or bulimia?
Anorexia
What are the time requirements for the DSM-5 diagnosis of bulimia nervosa?
At least once a week for three months
Bulimia patients typically have a BMI in the __________ range, which is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared.
a) obese
b) severely underweight
c) normal
d) morbidly obese
c) normal
What role does serotonin play with regards to eating disorders?
Serotonin is related to eating and satiety/feeling full
What is the main focus on therapy for anorexia nervosa?
Weight gain
A therapist that focuses on helping her bulimic patient question society’s standards for attractiveness, as well as change her attitudes and thoughts about her weight, comes from what perspective?
a) Cognitive behavioral
b) Psychodynamic
c) Family systems
d) Humanistic
a) Cognitive behavioral
Which of the three eating disorders is the most common?
Binge-eating disorder
Long-term follow-ups of individuals with bulimia nervosa reveal that
a) it is very difficult to treat and most people do not fully recover.
b) the majority of people recover, but a small percentage of people do remain fully symptomatic.
c) it generally does not require treatment and most people recover as they mature.
d) the more frequent the purging behaviors, the better the prognosis since these patients tend to be more distressed and motivated.
b) the majority of people recover, but a small percentage of people do remain fully symptomatic.
Define
Binge-eating disorder
included as a disorder in DSM-5; includes recurrent episodes of binge eating
Which disorders are often comorbid with binge-eating disorder?
Mood disorders
Anxiety disorders
ADHD
Conduct disorder
Substance use disorder
How are endogenous opioids implicated in anorexia nervosa?
Endogenous opioids are substances produced by the body that reduce pain sensations, enhance mood and suppress appetite, and are also released during starvation.
Which perspective sees the purging associated with bulimia as temporarily reducing the anxiety from having eaten too much, but quickly followed by lowered self-esteem, and then more binging and purging?
a) Sociocultural model
b) Humanistic
c) Cognitive behavioral
d) Psychodynamic
c) Cognitive behavioral
When does onset of bulimia nervosa tend to occur?
Late adolescence or early adulthood
What is the main causes of death in individuals with anorexia nervosa?
Physical complications of starvation (i.e. congestive heart failure)
Suicide
Which of the following individuals is most likely to recover fully?
a) Someone with anorexia nervosa, restricting type
b) Someone with bulimia with frequent purging
c) Someone with anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type
d) Someone with bulimia with infrequent purging
d) Someone with bulimia with infrequent purging
What are the physical consequences off bulimia nervosa?
Electrolyte (potassium) depletion - can cause heart problems
Menstrual problems
Tearing of tissue in the stomach/throat
Loss of dental enamel
Definition
a disorder characterised by recurrent, uncontrollable binge-eating episodes followed by purging either by vomiting or by taking laxatives
Bulimia nervosa
How long does recovery from anorexia nervosa tend to take?
More than six years
Definition
included as a disorder in DSM-5; includes recurrent episodes of binge eating
Binge-eating disorder
What are the severity ratings for binge-eating disorder in DSM-5 based on?
Number of binge-eating episodes/week
What percentage of individuals with bulimia nervosa fully recover?
45%
Studies have found that concerns about body ______ and ________ predicted restrained eating, which in turn predicted an increase in __________
shape; weight; binge eating
What is the most effective treatment for bulimia nervosa? What does it involve?
Cognitive behavioural therapy - it involves challenging and changing a patient’s beliefs and thinking about thinness, being overweight, dieting and restriction of food, with the overall goal being to re-establish normal eating patterns
A sociocultural factor that suggests that women come to see their bodies through the eyes of others is known as the
a) objectification theory.
b) social expectancy theory.
c) social compliance theory.
d) externalizing theory.
a) objectification theory.
When does anorexia nervosa typically begin?
Early to middle teenage years
True or False:
Anorexia nervosa is at least 10 times more frequent in women than in men
True
