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PSY3032 > Body Image and Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Body Image and Eating Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How are dopamine transporters implicated in anorexia and bulimia?

A

Women with either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa have greater expression of the dopamine transporter gene DAT and less expression of the dopamine gene DRD2

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2
Q

What treatments are effective for binge-eating disorder?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Interpersonal therapy

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3
Q

Which other disorders are often comorbid with bulimia nervosa?

A

Depression

Anxiety disorders

Substance use disorder

Conduct disorder

Personality disorders

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4
Q

The DSM diagnosis of bulimia nervosa requires that the episodes of binging and purging occur at least __________ a week for __________ months.

a) four times; three
b) three times; four
c) once; three
d) twice; six

A

c) once; three

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5
Q

Which is more effective alone to treat eating disorders: CBT or medication?

A

CBT

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6
Q

Which other disorders are often comorbid with anorexia nervosa?

A

Depression

OCD

Specific phobia

Panic disorder

Personality disorders

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7
Q

What are the two main effective treatments for anorexia nervosa?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Family-based therapy

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8
Q

When anorexia nervosa does occur in men, symptomatology and other characteristics, such as reports of family conflict, are generally __________ those reported by women with the disorder.

a) higher than
b) lower than
c) more variable than
d) similar to

A

d) similar to

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9
Q

People who develop anorexia nervosa symptoms usually report that symptoms start after what?

A

A period of weight loss and dieting

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10
Q

Define

Anorexia nervosa

A

a disorder in which a person refuses to maintain normal weight, has an intense fear of gaining weight and feels fat even when emaciated

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11
Q

What role does dopamine play with regards to eating disorders?

A

Dopamine is related to the rewarding/pleasing aspects of food

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12
Q

The degree to which someone assimilates their own culture with a new culture, known as____________________, is another influence on the development of an eating disorder.

a) socioeconomic diathesis
b) culture disparity
c) acculturative stress
d) sociocultural incongruity

A

c) acculturative stress

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13
Q

Medications used to treat anorexia have

a) been more successful than medications that treat bulimia.
b) not been successful for improving weight or other core symptoms.
c) fewer side effects than the ones used to treat bulimia.
d) been shown to work only for a short period of time.

A

b) not been successful for improving weight or other core symptoms.

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14
Q

Which type of medications have been found to reduce binge eating and purging in bulimic individuals?

a) Sedatives
b) Mood stabilizers
c) Anxiolytics
d) Antidepressants

A

d) Antidepressants

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15
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for binge-eating disorder?

A
  • Recurrent binge eating episode, including at least 3 of the following:
    • Eating more quickly than usual
    • Eating until overly full
    • Eating large amounts even if not hungry
    • Eating alone due to embarrassment about large food quantity
    • Feeling bad after the binge-eating episode
  • No compensatory behaviour is present
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16
Q

True or False:

90% of people with bulimia nervosa are women

A

True

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17
Q

Which personality trait is a risk factor for eating disorders?

A

Perfectionism

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18
Q

Definition

measure of body fat calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in metres squared; considered a more valid estimate of body fat than many others

A

Body mass index (BMI)

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19
Q

Are differences in cortisol levels a cause or consequence of anorexia nervosa?

A

Consequence - levels return to normal after weight gain

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20
Q

What do cognitive-behavioural theories of eating disorders focus on?

A

Body dissatisfaction

Preoccupation with thinness

Attention

Memory

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21
Q

People with bulimia report that they lose control during a binge, even to the point of experiencing something akin to what occurs in __________.

a) a euphoricstate
b) addiction
c) depression
d) a psychotic state

A

b) addiction

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22
Q

What are some common risk factors for the development of binge-eating disorder?

A

Childhood obesity

Critical comments about being overweight

Weight-loss attempts in childhood

Low self-concept

Depression

Childhood physical/sexual abuse

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23
Q

True or False:

Antidepressants are useful to treat all eating disorders

A

False

Antidepressants help in the treatment of bulimia nervosa but not anorexia or binge-eating disorders

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24
Q

True or False:

People who have recovered from anorexia nervosa continue to have lower serotonin activity

A

True

Suggesting that this neurotransmitter imbalance may be a trait-related disturbance rather than a symptom of malnutrition. This is also true for bulimia

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25
Q

What are the two subtypes of anorexia nervosa?

A

Restricting

Binge-eating/purging

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26
Q

Which two neurotransmitters have been extensively researched for their impact on eating disorders?

A

Serotonin

Dopamine

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27
Q

Definition

currently defined as exhibiting a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30

A

Obese

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28
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulate hunger and eating

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29
Q

What proportion of individuals with anorexia nervosa completely recover?

A

50%

30
Q

Define

Obese

A

currently defined as exhibiting a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30

31
Q

Define

Body mass index (BMI)

A

measure of body fat calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in metres squared; considered a more valid estimate of body fat than many others

32
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for anorexia nervosa?

A
  • People with anorexia nervosa undertake a restriction of food that leads to very low body weight; their body weight is significantly below normal
  • People with anorexia nervosa have an intense fear of weight gain or repeat behaviors that interfere with weight gain
  • People with anorexia nervosa experience body image disturbance
33
Q

Definition

a disorder in which a person refuses to maintain normal weight, has an intense fear of gaining weight and feels fat even when emaciated

A

Anorexia nervosa

34
Q

What are the physical consequences of binge-eating disorder?

A

Type 2 diabetes

Cardiovascular problems

Chronic back pain

Headaches

35
Q

What is the main difference between individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

A

Weight loss: people with anorexia nervosa lose a tremendous amount of weight, whereas people with bulimia nervosa do not

36
Q

What are the severity ratings for anorexia nervosa based on?

A

BMI

37
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for bulimia nervosa?

A
  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating
  • Recurrent compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain (i.e. vomiting)
  • Body shape and weight are considered to be extremely important for self-evaluation
38
Q

What are the severity ratings for bulimia nervosa based on?

A

Number of compensatory behaviours/week

39
Q

Define

Bulimia nervosa

A

a disorder characterised by recurrent, uncontrollable binge-eating episodes followed by purging either by vomiting or by taking laxatives

40
Q

One striking difference between anorexia and bulimia is __________.

a) the method of purging used
b) the age of onset
c) the degree of weight loss
d) the degree of weight gain

A

c) the degree of weight loss

41
Q

Research suggests that key features of the eating disorders, such as __________, are heritable.

a) a strong desire to be thin.
b) binge eating
c) dissatisfaction with one’s body
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

42
Q
A
43
Q

True or False:

People with bulimia nervosa have high levels of endogenous opioids

A

False

Unlike anorexia, individuals with bulimia have low levels of endogenous opioids

44
Q

True or False:

People with eating disorders tend to remember body-shape-related stimuli better than other people

A

True

45
Q

Which has higher rates of suicide: anorexia or bulimia?

A

Anorexia

46
Q

What are the time requirements for the DSM-5 diagnosis of bulimia nervosa?

A

At least once a week for three months

47
Q

Bulimia patients typically have a BMI in the __________ range, which is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared.

a) obese
b) severely underweight
c) normal
d) morbidly obese

A

c) normal

48
Q

What role does serotonin play with regards to eating disorders?

A

Serotonin is related to eating and satiety/feeling full

49
Q

What is the main focus on therapy for anorexia nervosa?

A

Weight gain

50
Q

A therapist that focuses on helping her bulimic patient question society’s standards for attractiveness, as well as change her attitudes and thoughts about her weight, comes from what perspective?

a) Cognitive behavioral
b) Psychodynamic
c) Family systems
d) Humanistic

A

a) Cognitive behavioral

51
Q

Which of the three eating disorders is the most common?

A

Binge-eating disorder

52
Q

Long-term follow-ups of individuals with bulimia nervosa reveal that

a) it is very difficult to treat and most people do not fully recover.
b) the majority of people recover, but a small percentage of people do remain fully symptomatic.
c) it generally does not require treatment and most people recover as they mature.
d) the more frequent the purging behaviors, the better the prognosis since these patients tend to be more distressed and motivated.

A

b) the majority of people recover, but a small percentage of people do remain fully symptomatic.

53
Q

Define

Binge-eating disorder

A

included as a disorder in DSM-5; includes recurrent episodes of binge eating

54
Q

Which disorders are often comorbid with binge-eating disorder?

A

Mood disorders

Anxiety disorders

ADHD

Conduct disorder

Substance use disorder

55
Q

How are endogenous opioids implicated in anorexia nervosa?

A

Endogenous opioids are substances produced by the body that reduce pain sensations, enhance mood and suppress appetite, and are also released during starvation.

56
Q

Which perspective sees the purging associated with bulimia as temporarily reducing the anxiety from having eaten too much, but quickly followed by lowered self-esteem, and then more binging and purging?

a) Sociocultural model
b) Humanistic
c) Cognitive behavioral
d) Psychodynamic

A

c) Cognitive behavioral

57
Q

When does onset of bulimia nervosa tend to occur?

A

Late adolescence or early adulthood

58
Q

What is the main causes of death in individuals with anorexia nervosa?

A

Physical complications of starvation (i.e. congestive heart failure)

Suicide

59
Q

Which of the following individuals is most likely to recover fully?

a) Someone with anorexia nervosa, restricting type
b) Someone with bulimia with frequent purging
c) Someone with anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type
d) Someone with bulimia with infrequent purging

A

d) Someone with bulimia with infrequent purging

60
Q

What are the physical consequences off bulimia nervosa?

A

Electrolyte (potassium) depletion - can cause heart problems

Menstrual problems

Tearing of tissue in the stomach/throat

Loss of dental enamel

61
Q

Definition

a disorder characterised by recurrent, uncontrollable binge-eating episodes followed by purging either by vomiting or by taking laxatives

A

Bulimia nervosa

62
Q

How long does recovery from anorexia nervosa tend to take?

A

More than six years

63
Q

Definition

included as a disorder in DSM-5; includes recurrent episodes of binge eating

A

Binge-eating disorder

64
Q

What are the severity ratings for binge-eating disorder in DSM-5 based on?

A

Number of binge-eating episodes/week

65
Q

What percentage of individuals with bulimia nervosa fully recover?

A

45%

66
Q

Studies have found that concerns about body ______ and ________ predicted restrained eating, which in turn predicted an increase in __________

A

shape; weight; binge eating

67
Q

What is the most effective treatment for bulimia nervosa? What does it involve?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy - it involves challenging and changing a patient’s beliefs and thinking about thinness, being overweight, dieting and restriction of food, with the overall goal being to re-establish normal eating patterns

68
Q

A sociocultural factor that suggests that women come to see their bodies through the eyes of others is known as the

a) objectification theory.
b) social expectancy theory.
c) social compliance theory.
d) externalizing theory.

A

a) objectification theory.

69
Q

When does anorexia nervosa typically begin?

A

Early to middle teenage years

70
Q

True or False:

Anorexia nervosa is at least 10 times more frequent in women than in men

A

True

PSY3032 (13 decks)

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