Substance-Related & Addictive Disorders Flashcards
The newly added disorder to this category in DSM-5.
Gambling Disorder
It refers to the chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior.
Substance
Substance that alter mood, behavior or both.
Psychoactive substance
The ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts does not significantly interfere social, educational or occupational functioning.
Substance use
Our physiological reaction to ingested substances.
Intoxication
How significant substance use interferes with the user’s life.
Substance abuse
The person is physiologically dependent on the drug/s, requires increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance) and will respond physically in a negative way when substance is no longer ingested (withdrawal).
Substance Dependence
Withdrawal from this substance has a pattern that includes anxiety, lack of motivation and boredom.
Cocaine
Withdrawal from _ includes such symptoms as nervousness, appetite change and sleep disturbance.
Cannabis
What are some examples of drug seeking behaviors?
Repeated use of drug
Desperate need to ingest more
Likelihood that use will resume after a period of abstinence
How many criteria should a person with a substance-related disorder exhibit to say that it’s mild, moderate or severe?
Mild- 2/3 out of 11
Moderate- 4/5 out of 11
Severe- 6 or more out of 11
Alcoholism and drug abuse used to be categorized as _; a forerunner of the current antisocial personality disorder because substance use was seen as a symptom of other problems.
Sociopathic personality disturbances
What disorders are highly likely to include a secondary problem of substance use?
Schizophrenia and Antisocial Personality Disorder
It primarily decreases central nervous system activity. Its principal effect is to reduce our levels of physiological arousal and help us relax.
Depressants
In what group does alcohol, sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs belong to?
Depressants
What group of substances are among the most likely to produce symptoms of physical dependence, tolerance and withdrawal?
Depressants
It is produced when certain yeasts react with sugar and water and fermentation takes place.
Alcohol
In this disorder, they generally experience a feeling of well-being, inhibitions are reduced and they become outgoing. It depressed more areas of the brain which impedes the ability to function properly, such as motor coordination, reaction time, confusion, judgments, and even vision and hearing.
Alcohol-related Disorders
What are some neuroreceptor systems that alcohol influences?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glutamate system
Serotonin system
It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, whose role is to interfere with the firing of the neuron it attaches to. It seems to act on our feelings of anxiety.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
An excitatory neurotransmitter helping neurons fire. It is suspected to involve learning and memory, and it may be the avenue through which alcohol affects our cognitive abilities.
Glutamate system
What may be the result of the interaction of alcohol with a glutamate system?
Blackouts
Loss of memory
This neurotransmitter system affects mood, sleep and eating behavior,and is thought to be responsible for alcohol cravings.
Serotonin system
A condition that produces frightening hallucinations and body tremors during withdrawal.
Withdrawal delirium or delirium tremens
Withdrawal from chronic use of this substance typically includes hand tremors and within several hours, vomiting, nausea, anxiety, transient hallucinations, agitation, insomnia and withdrawal delirium.
Alcohol
What are the organic damages of long term excessive drinking?
Liver disease
Pancreatitis
Cardiovascular disorders
Brain damage
What are the 2 types of organic brain syndromes that may result from long-term heavy alcohol use?
Dementia or Neurocognitive Disorder
Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Involves the general loss of intellectual abilities and can be a direct result of neurotoxicity or poisoning of the brain by excessive amounts of alcohol.
Dementia
It results in confusion, loss of muscle coordination and unintelligible speech. It is believed to be caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
A combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank while she was pregnant. It includes fetal growth retardation, cognitive deficits and learning difficulties.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What are the 3 general groups of depressants?
Sedative (calming)
Hypnotic (sleep-inducing)
Anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) drugs
A depressant drug that includes amytal, seconal and nembutal. Prescribed to help people sleep and replace such drugs as alcohol and opium.
Barbiturates
A depressant drug that includes valium, Xanax and Ativan. Primarily used to reduce anxiety (miracle cure) and considered much safer than barbiturates with less risk of abuse and dependence.
Benzodiazepines
Included in this group of substances are caffeine (chocolates, coffee and soft drinks), nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine. It makes a person more alert and energetic.
Stimulants
A stimulant that can induce feelings of elation and vigor, reduce fatigue at low doses. After a period of elevation, the person comes back and “crash”, feeling depressed or tired.
Amphetamines
Amphetamines are used as a treatment to what diseases and disorder?
Asthma
Nasal decongestant
Narcolepsy
Some of amphetamines like Ritalin and Adderall are given to children with _.
Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
This disorder includes criteria such as euphoria, affective blunting, changes in sociability, interpersonal sensitivity, anger, tension, anxiety, stereotyped behaviors, impaired judgment and impaired social or occupational functioning, as well as heart rate or blood pressure changes, chills, nausea or vomiting, weight loss, muscular weakness , respiratory depression, chest pain, seizures or coma.
Amphetamine use Disorder
Severe intoxication and overdose of amphetamines can cause:
Hallucination
Panic
Agitation
Paranoid delusions
Withdrawal from this substance often results in apathy, prolonged periods of sleep, irritability and depression.
Amphetamine
Amphetamines stimulate the central nervous system by enhancing the activity of what neurotransmitters?
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
It was first synthesized in 1912 in Germany and was used as an appetite suppressant. It is the club drug most often bringing people to emergency rooms described as making you feel happy, love everyone & everything and say what is on your mind without worrying what others will think.
Methylene-dioxymethampthetamine (MDMA)
What is the original name of the drug Ecstasy?
Methylene-dioxymethampthetamine (MDMA)
Repeated use of ecstasy can cause lasting _.
Memory problems.
A purified, crystallized form of amphetamine, commonly referred to as “crystal meth’ and is ingested through smoking. This causes aggressive tendencies and stays in the system longer than cocaine.
Methamphtetamine
It is a substance derived from the leaves of the coca plant. In small amount, it increases alertness, euphoria, blood pressure and pulse and causes insomnia and loss of appetite, rapid and irregular heart beat and fatal consequences . Its effects are short-lived.
Cocaine
_ babies appear at birth to be more irritable, have long bouts of high pitched crying and decreased birth weight, head circumference and increased risk for later behavioral problems.
Crack babies/ cocaine
Common among people with cocaine use disorder, the experience of being paranoid or exaggerated fears that they would be caught or that someone would steal the cocaine.
Cocaine-induced paranoia
The colorless, oily liquid, called after Jean Nicot that gives smoking its pleasurable qualities.
Nicotine
In small doses, it stimulates the CNS, relieves stress and improves the mood system. It can cause high blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease and cancer.
Nicotine
Nicotine in high doses can blur one’s vision, cause confusion, lead to _ and sometimes even cause death.
Convulsions
How fast does the nicotine reach the brain?
7-19 seconds
Nicotine appears to stimulate specific receptors which is _, in the midbrain reticular formation and limbic system, the site of the brain’s pleasure pathway.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
What is the relationship between cigarette smoking and negative affect?
Bi-directional relationship
The most common of the psychoactive substances used regularly. It is called the gentle stimulant because it is thought to be the least harmful of all addictive drugs but still lead to problems similar to others drugs.
Caffeine
How long does caffeine leave our bodies?
6 hours
Withdrawal from this substance includes headaches, drowsiness and generally unpleasant moods.
Caffeine
It refers to the natural chemicals in the opium poppy that have a narcotic effect (relieve pain and induce pain) also analgesics. It induces euphoria, drowsiness and slowed breathing. High does can lead to death if respiration is completely depressed.
Opiate
Refer to the family of substances that includes natural opiates, synthetic variations (heroin, methadone, hydrocodone, and oxycodone) and the comparable substances that occur naturally in the brain.
Opioids
People who cease or reduce their opioid intake begin to experience symptoms within _ .
6-12 hours
Withdrawal from this substance includes excessive yawning, nausea and vomiting, chills, muscle aches, diarrhea and insomnia.
Opioids
The withdrawal process of opioids can persist for how many days and how long will it be completed?
1-3 days
A week
The brain already has its own opioids called _ and _ that provide narcotic effects.
Enkephalins
Endorphins
The name given to the dried parts of the cannabis or hemp plant. It grows wildly throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the world which accounts for one of its nicknames “weeds”.
Marijuana
Reactions to this substance usually include mood swings, normal experiences seem extremely funny, dreamlike state, heightened sensory experiences, seeing vivid colors and appreciating the subtleties of the music.
Cannabis
The feelings of well being produced by small doses of cannabis can change to _, _, _ when larger doses are taken.
Hallucinations
Paranoia
Dizziness
Frequent use of this substance suggests impairments of memory, concentration, relationship with others and employment may be a negative outcome of long term use.
Cannabis
Regular users experience more pleasure from the drug after repeated use. This is applicable to cannabis use.
Reverse tolerance
Marijuana contains more than 80 varieties of the chemicals called _ which are believed to alter mood and behavior.
Cannabinoids
The most common cannabinoids, or the THC.
Tetrahydrocannabinols
The brain makes its own version of THC, a neurochemical called _ after the Sanskrit word Ananda which means bliss.
Anandamide
Withdrawal from this substance report period of irritability, restlessness, appetite loss, nausea and difficulty sleeping but major signs of withdrawal do not usually occur.
Cannabis
The most common hallucinogenic drug, sometimes referred to as “acid”.
LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide)
What are the substances included in the group of hallucinogens?
Psilocybin
Lysergic acid amide
Dimethyltryptamine
Mescaline
Phenyclidine
In which plant can these hallucinogens be found?
Psilocybin
Lysergic acid amide
Dimethyltryptamine
Mescaline
Mushroom
Morning glory plant
Virola tree
Peyote cactus plant
The diagnostic criteria for hallucinogen intoxication are similar to those for _.
Cannabis
The physical symptoms for this disorder include pupillary dilation, sweating, rapid heartbeat, blurred vision.
Hallucinogen related disorder
Tolerance develops quickly to a number of this substance. No withdrawal symptoms are also reported, except for bad trips.
Hallucinogens
LSD, psilocybin, lysergic acid amide and DMT are chemically similar to what neurotransmitter?
How about Mescaline?
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Include a variety of substances in volatile solvents making them available to breathe into the lungs directly.
Inhalants
The high associated with the use of inhalants resembles that of _.
Alcohol
Users build up a tolerance to these dugs and withdrawal which involves sleep disturbance, tremors, irritability and nausea.
Inhalants
How long does withdrawal from inhalants last?
2-5 days
Use of this can increase aggressive and antisocial behavior and kong term use can damage bone marrow, kidneys, liver and the brain.
Inhalants
Anabolic-androgenic steroids are derived from a synthesized form of the hormone _.
Testosterone
The legitimate medical use of these drugs focus on people with asthma, anemia, breast cancer and males with inadequate sexual development.
Steroids
Steroids are also used to improve _.
Body size/physical abilities/muscle bulk
Long term effects of this substance seem to suggest that mood disorders are common and there is a concern that more serious physical consequences may result from regular use.
Steroids
This designer drugs cause drowsiness, pain relief and the feeling of being out of one’s body. It also heightens a person’s auditory and visual perception as well as the senses of taste and touch to those attend night clubs.
Dissociative anaesthetics
A dissociative anesthetic that produces a sense of detachment along with reduced awareness of pain. It is related to phencyclidine and associated with the “drug-club” scene.
Ketamine
A central nervous system depressant that was marketed in health food stores in the 1980d as a means of stimulating muscle growth. It can produce a state of relaxation and increased tendency to verbalize at low doses. It can result in seizure, severe respirator depression and coma at higher doses or with alcohol or other drugs.
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB or liquid ecstasy)
Those with this disorder exhibit a combination of characteristics including denial of problem, impulsivity, continuing optimism that interfere with effective treatment.
Gambling Disorder
