Neurocognitive Disorders Flashcards
Most neurocognitive disorders develop _ in life.
Much later
Two classes of cognitive disorders:
Delirium
Mild or Major Neurocognitive Disorder
An often temporary condition displayed as confusion and disorientation.
Delirium
A progressive condition marked by gradual deterioration of a range of cognitive abilities such as memory, judgment, language, etc.
Mild or Major Neurocognitive Disorder
In early editions of the DSM, neurocognitive disorders were labeled _, along with mood, anxiety, personality, hallucinosis and delusional disorders.
Organic mental disorders
An abnormal mental state involving hallucinations.
Hallucinosis
Indicated that brain damage or dysfunction was believed to be involved.
Organic
Term used in DSM IV to signify that their predominant feature is the impairment of such cognitive abilities as memory, attention, perception and thinking.
Cognitive Disorders
One of the earliest recognized mental disorders. It is characterized by impaired consciousness and cognition during the course of several hours or days. They appear to be confused, disoriented and out of touch with their surroundings. Marked impairments in memory and language.
Delirium
Delirium is more prevalent among _ and people undergoing _.
Older adults
People undergoing medical procedures and cancer patients.
Medical conditions that impair brain function that could be linked to delirium:
Intoxication by drugs and poisons
Withdrawal
Infections
Head injury
Various other types of brain trauma
Improper use of medication
Delirium can be experienced by children when:
High fevers
Taking certain medications
Delirium often occurs during the course of what condition? 50% of people with it, suffer at least one episode of delirium.
Dementia
Who are more susceptible to developing delirium?
Older adults
What was the previous label for major neurocognitive disorder?
Dementia
A new DSM 5 disorder that was created to focus attention on the early stages of cognitive decline. The person has the modest impairments in cognitive abilities but can, with some accommodations continue to function independently.
Mild neurocognitive disorder
What are the causes of neurocognitive disorders?
Several medical conditions
Abuse of drugs and alcohol and poisonous substances
Infectious diseases of syphilis and HIV
Depression
Variety of traumas to the brain
Severe head injury
Disorders such as Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s
In the initial stages of Neurocognitive disorders, memory impairment is typically seen as _.
Inability to register ongoing events
Inability to recognize and name objects. One of the most familiar symptoms of neurocognitive disorders.
Agnosia
Inability to recognize even familiar faces.
Facial agnosia
Common side effects of Neurocognitive disorders:
Delusions
Depression
Agitation
Aggression
Apathy
Major neurocognitive disorder can develop at any age, although this disorder is more frequent in _.
Older adults
Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease rarely occurs in people under _ years of age.
45
The German psychiatrist who first described the disorder that bears his name in 1907. He called the disorder an “atypical form of senile dementia”.
Alois Alzheimer
Individuals with this disease forget important events and lose objects. Their interest in no routine activities narrows. They tend to lose interest in others and as a result, become more socially isolated. As the disorder progresses, they can become agitated, confused, depressed, anxious or even combative.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Many of the difficulties in Alzheimer’s disease become more pronounced late in the day, in a phenomenon called _, perhaps as a result of fatigue or disturbance in the brain’s biological clock.
Sundowner syndrome
People with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s also display one or more other cognitive disturbances including:
Aphasia (language)
Apraxia (Motor functioning)
Agnosia (recognize objects)
Difficulty with activities such as planning, organizing, sequencing or abstracting information.
Cognitive deterioration with Alzheimer’s disease is more rapid in what stage?
Middle
Early onset of Alzheimer’s disease and the usual onset.
Early- 40s or 50’s
Usual- 60’s or 70’s
Vascular refers to what?
Blood vessels
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder causes a decline in speed of information processing and _ functioning.
Executive functioning
The onset of this neurocognitive disorder is typically more sudden than the onset for the Alzheimer’s type probably because the disorder is the result of stroke, which inflicts the brain immediately.
Vascular dementia
There is increasing recognition of neurocognitive disorder among athletes who _.
Receive repeated blows to the head.
Disorder that is currently referred to as “chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) caused by repetitive head trauma that can provoke distinctive neurodegeneration. It is suggested that it was restricted to boxers or pugilists.
Dementia pugilistica
An overarching term used to categorize a variety of brain disorders that damage the frontal or temporal regions of the brain-areas that affect personality, language and behavior.
Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorders
What are the 2 variants of Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder?
Through declines in appropriate behavior
Declines in language
Pick’s disease is one of the disorders of Neurocognitive Disorders that produces the same symptoms to that of _. It appears to have a genetic component and occurs relatively early in life (40’s or 50’s) and is therefore considered an example of early onset.
Alzheimer’s disease
It includes symptoms that persist for at least a week following the trauma including executive dysfunction and problems with memory and learning.
Neurocognitive Disorder due to traumatic brain injury
Who are at greater risk for neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury?
Teens and young adults
What are the common causes of traumatic brain injury?
Traffic accidents
Assaults
Falls
Suicide attempts
Microscopic deposits of a protein that damage brain cells over time.
Lewy bodies
What are the signs of neurocognitive disorder due to lewy body disease that comes on gradually?
Impairment in alertness and attention
Vivid visual hallucinations
Motor impairments
Motor problems are characteristic among people with _, who tend to have stopped posture, slow body movements, tremors and jerkiness in walking. The voice is also affected, they speak in soft monotone.
Parkinson’s disease
What causes the changes in the motor movement of someone who has Parkinson’s disease?
Damage to dopamine pathways
A reduction in dopamine neurotransmitter makes individuals increasingly unable to control their muscle movements which leads to _ and muscle weakness.
Tremors
What type of virus which causes AIDS as well cb cause neurocognitive disorder?
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
What are the early symptoms of Neurocognitive Disorder resulting from HIV?
Cognitive slowness
Impaired attention
Forgetfulness
Individuals with this disorder tend to be clumsy, to show repetitive movements such as tremors and leg weakness and to become apathetic and socially withdrawn.
Neurocognitive disorders due to HIV Infection
Neurocognitive disorder resulting from HIV is sometimes referred to as _, because it affects primarily the inner areas of the brain.
Subcortical dementia
A genetic disorder that initially affects motor movements typically in the form of chorea, involuntary limb movements. It also follows the subcortical patterns.
Huntington’s Disease
A rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused cod prions.
Neurocognitive Disorder due to Prion disease
What is the known treatment and course of prion disease?
No known treatment
Course- Fatal
How are prions contacted?
Not contagious in human
Contracted through cannibalism of accident inoculations.
Proteins that can reproduce themselves and cause damage to brain cells leading to neurocognitive decline.
Prions
A type of prion disease, commonly referred to as “mad-cow disease” as this disease might be transmitted from infected cattle to humans?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
This impairment unfortunately lasts beyond the period involved in intoxication or withdrawal from substances. The resulting brain damage can be permanent and can cause the same symptoms as seen in Neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer’s disease.
Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder
Inability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor functioning.
Apraxia
