Studying Unit 7

Question 1

SA:volume ratio

Answer 1

SA/volume; a small surface area makes cell communication and movement easier and more efficient

Question 2

why is it important for cells to remain small in size

Answer 2

easy to communicate, more efficient, able to transport materials across the membrane

Question 3

what structures are identical in replicated chromosomes

Answer 3

sister chromatids

Question 4

what holds sister chromatids together

Answer 4

centromere

Question 5

3 reasons that cell division is important

Answer 5

to replace dead cells, repair damaged cells, allow organisms to grow and develop

Question 6

DNA

Answer 6

molecules that contain all hereditary traits

Question 7

gene

Answer 7

a specific section of DNA

Question 8

cleavage furrow

Answer 8

when a contractile ring made of microtubules and microfilaments (protein fibers) pinch the cell + found in animal cells

Question 9

cell plate

Answer 9

when vesicles form to divide the cell + found in plant cells

Question 10

cancer cell

Answer 10

a cell that cannot regulate itself and go through checkpoints

Question 11

cyclin dependent kinases

Answer 11

enzymes that bind together to initiate G1, S, G2, and M phases

Question 12

what environmental factors cause cancer

Answer 12

dangerous chemicals, radiation, viruses, pollution, carcinogens, mutagens

Question 13

two types of tumors

Answer 13

malignant and benign

Question 14

malignant tumors

Answer 14

tumors that spread throughout the body

Question 15

benign tumors

Answer 15

tumors that do not spread because they are enclosed by a capsule

Question 16

embryonic stem cells

Answer 16

cells from a blastocyst, pluripotent, unspecialized

Question 17

adult stem cells

Answer 17

found in all mature tissue, multipotent, maintains cells from tissue from where it came from

Question 18

prenatal stem cells

Answer 18

used to fix problems in the fetus, found in the umbilical chord and amniotic fluid, pluripotent, able to save for later years

Question 19

induced pluripotent stem cells

Answer 19

adult cells that one can turn into embryonic cells through reprogramming

Question 20

what are the four types of stem cells

Answer 20

embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, prenatal

Question 21

what are the most common ways to treat cancer

Answer 21

radiation, surgery, chemotherapy

Question 22

metastasize

Answer 22

cancer has spread from its original location

Question 23

what happens to a cell when it reaches maximum size

Answer 23

stop growing, divide, or die (apoptosis)

Question 24

how many chromosomes does each daughter cell get

Answer 24

the number of chromosomes that the parent cell has

Question 25

what is the shortest stage

Answer 25

anaphase

Question 26

what is the shortest stage in terms of time

Answer 26

metaphase

Question 27

what is the longest stage

Answer 27

prophase

Question 28

when do cells become cancerous

Answer 28

when they are unable to regulate cell division, divide uncontrollably, and bypass checkpoints

Question 29

what is apoptosis

Answer 29

programmed cell death

Question 30

when is apoptosis used

Answer 30

when the cell becomes too damages or for the development or growth of an organism

Question 31

how are stem cells different from other cells

Answer 31

they can become other cells and are unspecialized

Question 32

what kind of cells use the cell cycle

Answer 32

eukaryotic cells

Question 33

in the cell cycle, what does a pause mean

Answer 33

the cell needs to maintain its size and stop growing

Question 34

when the cell cycle is complete, what is the result

Answer 34

division and the formation of two cells

Question 35

about how long is each stage of the cell cycle

Answer 35

12-24 hours

Question 36

G1 phase

Answer 36

the cell grows, carries out its normal functions, prepares for DNA replication

Question 37

where do muscle and nerve cells tend to stay

Answer 37

G1 phase

Question 38

are chromosomes present in the S phase

Answer 38

yes but they are not visible because the nucleus is still intact

Question 39

what forms in G2 phase

Answer 39

proteins to make microtubules

Question 40

nucleosome

Answer 40

DNA coiled around histone proteins that make up chromatin

Question 41

is DNA readable in interphase

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

what are chromosomes made up of

Answer 42

supercoiled nucleosomes that are connected by centromeres (DNA and protein)

Question 43

unreplicated chromosome

Answer 43

chromosomes with one set of DNA

Question 44

replicated chromosome

Answer 44

chromosome with two strands of identical DNA

Question 45

what are spindle fibers made up of

Answer 45

microtubules (protein)

Question 46

what must happen to DNA before cell division

Answer 46

it must condense

Question 47

what allows spindle fibers to pull sister chromatids apart

Answer 47

they must shorten

Question 48

what do daughter cells of the same parent cell have

Answer 48

the same DNA, size, and half of the parent cell's cytoplasm

Question 49

what does a cell plate eventually become

Answer 49

a cell wall

Question 50

what happens when cyclins bind to the cyclin dependent kinase

Answer 50

the cell cycle is allowed to continue

Question 51

G1 checkpoint

Answer 51

checks if cell can divide or not

Question 52

S and G2 checkpoint

Answer 52

DNA is checked for mistakes when it was copied

Question 53

M checkpoint

Answer 53

checks if chromatids were correctly separated by spindle fibers

Question 54

G0

Answer 54

resting phase

Question 55

where is G0

Answer 55

at the beginning of G1

Question 56

why do cells enter G0

Answer 56

if they can no longer divide

Question 57

what kinds of cells are in G0

Answer 57

neurons and nerve cells

Question 58

what causes cancer cells to divide rapidly

Answer 58

when they ignore the checkpoints

Question 59

tumor

Answer 59

a mass of cancer cells

Question 60

what do tumors do

Answer 60

displace or interfere with normal cells and use their nutrients and energy

Question 61

do all tumors cause cancer

Answer 61

no

Question 62

carcinogens and mutagens

Answer 62

anything that can damage genes that can cause cancer

Question 63

are most body cells specialized or unspecialized

Answer 63

specialized

Question 64

pluripotent

Answer 64

a cell that gives rise to all cell types

Question 65

adult stem cell locations

Answer 65

mature body tissue, umbilical chords, placenta

Question 66

multipotent

Answer 66

a cell that only gives rise to a limited type of cells