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Honors Biology > Studying Unit 7 > Flashcards

Studying Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

SA:volume ratio

A

SA/volume; a small surface area makes cell communication and movement easier and more efficient

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2
Q

why is it important for cells to remain small in size

A

easy to communicate, more efficient, able to transport materials across the membrane

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3
Q

what structures are identical in replicated chromosomes

A

sister chromatids

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4
Q

what holds sister chromatids together

A

centromere

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5
Q

3 reasons that cell division is important

A

to replace dead cells, repair damaged cells, allow organisms to grow and develop

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6
Q

DNA

A

molecules that contain all hereditary traits

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7
Q

gene

A

a specific section of DNA

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8
Q

cleavage furrow

A

when a contractile ring made of microtubules and microfilaments (protein fibers) pinch the cell + found in animal cells

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9
Q

cell plate

A

when vesicles form to divide the cell + found in plant cells

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10
Q

cancer cell

A

a cell that cannot regulate itself and go through checkpoints

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11
Q

cyclin dependent kinases

A

enzymes that bind together to initiate G1, S, G2, and M phases

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12
Q

what environmental factors cause cancer

A

dangerous chemicals, radiation, viruses, pollution, carcinogens, mutagens

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13
Q

two types of tumors

A

malignant and benign

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14
Q

malignant tumors

A

tumors that spread throughout the body

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15
Q

benign tumors

A

tumors that do not spread because they are enclosed by a capsule

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16
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

cells from a blastocyst, pluripotent, unspecialized

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17
Q

adult stem cells

A

found in all mature tissue, multipotent, maintains cells from tissue from where it came from

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18
Q

prenatal stem cells

A

used to fix problems in the fetus, found in the umbilical chord and amniotic fluid, pluripotent, able to save for later years

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19
Q

induced pluripotent stem cells

A

adult cells that one can turn into embryonic cells through reprogramming

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20
Q

what are the four types of stem cells

A

embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, prenatal

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21
Q

what are the most common ways to treat cancer

A

radiation, surgery, chemotherapy

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22
Q

metastasize

A

cancer has spread from its original location

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23
Q

what happens to a cell when it reaches maximum size

A

stop growing, divide, or die (apoptosis)

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24
Q

how many chromosomes does each daughter cell get

A

the number of chromosomes that the parent cell has

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25
Q

what is the shortest stage

A

anaphase

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26
Q

what is the shortest stage in terms of time

A

metaphase

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27
Q

what is the longest stage

A

prophase

28
Q

when do cells become cancerous

A

when they are unable to regulate cell division, divide uncontrollably, and bypass checkpoints

29
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

30
Q

when is apoptosis used

A

when the cell becomes too damages or for the development or growth of an organism

31
Q

how are stem cells different from other cells

A

they can become other cells and are unspecialized

32
Q

what kind of cells use the cell cycle

A

eukaryotic cells

33
Q

in the cell cycle, what does a pause mean

A

the cell needs to maintain its size and stop growing

34
Q

when the cell cycle is complete, what is the result

A

division and the formation of two cells

35
Q

about how long is each stage of the cell cycle

A

12-24 hours

36
Q

G1 phase

A

the cell grows, carries out its normal functions, prepares for DNA replication

37
Q

where do muscle and nerve cells tend to stay

A

G1 phase

38
Q

are chromosomes present in the S phase

A

yes but they are not visible because the nucleus is still intact

39
Q

what forms in G2 phase

A

proteins to make microtubules

40
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA coiled around histone proteins that make up chromatin

41
Q

is DNA readable in interphase

A

yes

42
Q

what are chromosomes made up of

A

supercoiled nucleosomes that are connected by centromeres (DNA and protein)

43
Q

unreplicated chromosome

A

chromosomes with one set of DNA

44
Q

replicated chromosome

A

chromosome with two strands of identical DNA

45
Q

what are spindle fibers made up of

A

microtubules (protein)

46
Q

what must happen to DNA before cell division

A

it must condense

47
Q

what allows spindle fibers to pull sister chromatids apart

A

they must shorten

48
Q

what do daughter cells of the same parent cell have

A

the same DNA, size, and half of the parent cell’s cytoplasm

49
Q

what does a cell plate eventually become

A

a cell wall

50
Q

what happens when cyclins bind to the cyclin dependent kinase

A

the cell cycle is allowed to continue

51
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

checks if cell can divide or not

52
Q

S and G2 checkpoint

A

DNA is checked for mistakes when it was copied

53
Q

M checkpoint

A

checks if chromatids were correctly separated by spindle fibers

54
Q

G0

A

resting phase

55
Q

where is G0

A

at the beginning of G1

56
Q

why do cells enter G0

A

if they can no longer divide

57
Q

what kinds of cells are in G0

A

neurons and nerve cells

58
Q

what causes cancer cells to divide rapidly

A

when they ignore the checkpoints

59
Q

tumor

A

a mass of cancer cells

60
Q

what do tumors do

A

displace or interfere with normal cells and use their nutrients and energy

61
Q

do all tumors cause cancer

A

no

62
Q

carcinogens and mutagens

A

anything that can damage genes that can cause cancer

63
Q

are most body cells specialized or unspecialized

A

specialized

64
Q

pluripotent

A

a cell that gives rise to all cell types

65
Q

adult stem cell locations

A

mature body tissue, umbilical chords, placenta

66
Q

multipotent

A

a cell that only gives rise to a limited type of cells

Honors Biology (17 decks)

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