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Honors Biology > Studying Unit 10 > Flashcards

Studying Unit 10 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleosome

A

when dna winds into a chromosome and wraps around a histone protein

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2
Q

who is credited for the structure of dna

A

watson and crick

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3
Q

Rosalind franklins contribution to dna structure

A

Used x-ray diffraction to figure out that the phosphates are on the inside

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4
Q

Chargaffs contribution to dna structure

A

Base pairs rule that a pairs with t and c pairs with g

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5
Q

3 parts of nucleotides

A

Phosphate group, nitrogen bases, deoxyribose

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6
Q

Subunit or building block of dna

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purine

A

A and g

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8
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidine

A

C and t and u

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9
Q

Purine

A

2 rings

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10
Q

Pyrimidine

A

1 ring

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11
Q

3 basic steps of dna replication

A

Unwind dna, base pairs, join the pieces

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12
Q

2 roles of dna polymerase

A

Add complementary base pairs together and proofread sequence

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13
Q

How is dna replication semi conservative

A

Each new strand is made from an old one and a new strand is formed

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14
Q

Eukaryotic replication

A

Multiple replication forks and a long dna strand

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15
Q

Prokaryotic replication

A

Single circular chromosome and one point of origin and 2 replication forks

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16
Q

Central dogma of biology

A

DNA codes for rna in transcription and rna codes for proteins in translation

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17
Q

DNA vs rna

A

Double helix, thymine base, deoxyribose vs single strand, uracil base, ribose

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18
Q

Nucleotide triplet of mRNA

A

Codon

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19
Q

mRNA role

A

Carries message from dna to ribosomes

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20
Q

tRNA role

A

Transfers amino acid to ribosome to build protein

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21
Q

rRNA role

A

RNA that makes up ribosomes

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22
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes on the same chromosome

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23
Q

Are close or far genes better for genetic variation

A

Far because of crossing over

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24
Q

Chromosome map

A

Shows how far apart genes are located

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25
Q

3 point mutations

A

Insertion, deletion, substitution

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26
Q

4 results of point mutations

A

Nonsense, missense, frameshift, silent

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27
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Stop codon in the middle of the sequence

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28
Q

Missense mutation

A

An incorrect amino acid

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29
Q

Missense mutation

A

An incorrect amino acid

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30
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Moves all nucleotides over one or more positions

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31
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in the sequence that doesn’t cause a change in the amino acid produced

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32
Q

4 chromosomal mutations

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

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33
Q

Chromosomal deletion

A

Chromosome segment is lost

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34
Q

Duplication

A

Segment from chromosome is given to its homologous pair

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35
Q

Inversion

A

Segment of chromosome is flipped upside down

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36
Q

Translocation

A

Segment from one chromosome is transferred to another

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37
Q

Mutation effect on protein

A

Incorrect protein folding

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38
Q

What mutation is at the dna or mRNA level

A

Point mutation

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39
Q

What mutation is at the chromosome level

A

Chromosomal

40
Q

Goal of human genome project

A

Determine the sequence of all three billion nucleotides in human dna and 23000 human genes

41
Q

What does gel electrophoresis produce

A

DNA fingerprint

42
Q

How is dna charged

A

Negatively

43
Q

What stage is rna polymerase in

A

Transcription

44
Q

What does dna begin coiled allow for it

A

Better protection of genetic information and more in a condensed space

45
Q

What is deoxyribose/ribose

A

Five carbon sugar

46
Q

In a diagram, what does every point represent

A

A carbon atom

47
Q

Antiparallel

A

The two strands of dna are read in opposite directions

48
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds betweeen c and g

49
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between a and t

50
Q

Configuration of dna

A

Ball and stick

51
Q

Genetic code of life

A

The order of nitrogen bases

52
Q

Friedrich mieschers contribution to dna structure

A

Discovered substance within nitrogen and phosphorus in white blood cells that came from the nucleus (nuclein)

53
Q

What prevents dna from replicating in chromosomal form

A

Tightly compacted histones

54
Q

How does dna helicase unwind the double helix

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds that held the nitrogen bases together

55
Q

What is the direction of the leading strand

A

3 prime to 5 prime

56
Q

Direction of the lagging strand

A

5 prime to 3 prime

57
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Pieces dna polymerase works in away from the replication fork

58
Q

What does dna ligase connect

A

Sugars and phosphates in Okazaki fragments

59
Q

When does dna polymerase detach from the molecule

A

After ligase glues the fragments

60
Q

When can dna polymerase add new nucleotides

A

If the previous added nucleotide was correct

61
Q

What is the reason behind infrequent mutations

A

DNA polymerase’s proofreading

62
Q

Does dna replication start at one end and go to the other

63
Q

Where does replication begin

A

Origin of replication

64
Q

What does a telomere consist of

A

Random nucleotide sequence that doesn’t code for a protein

65
Q

What specifically protects cells’ genetic information

A

Adding extra dna at the end of the chromosome

66
Q

If dna is to the genotype then what corresponds to phenotype

67
Q

What phase of cell division does protein synthesis occur in

68
Q

RNA forms a temporary copy of the protein instructions because

A

DNA cannot leave the nucleus

69
Q

What direction is mRNA created in

A

3 prime to five prime end of dna

70
Q

What does dna do again after transcription

A

Winds again

71
Q

RNA splicing

A

Used when dna has unused nucleotide sequences

72
Q

Are introns or exons kept

73
Q

Are introns or exons needed for rna

74
Q

How does mRNA enter ribosomes

A

In sections

75
Q

What join to make a polypeptide

A

Amino acids

76
Q

Number of total codons

77
Q

After mRNA is read

A

tRNA brings amino acid to ribosome

78
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Amino acid chains

79
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Alpha helix or beta sheet

80
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Alpha helix and beta sheets

81
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Many tertiaries

82
Q

What determines protein folding

A

Amino acid

83
Q

What determines proteins role in body

A

The way its folded

84
Q

How controlled is gene expression and protein synthesis

85
Q

Are all gens transcribed and translated at the same time

86
Q

What does nonsense mutations cause

A

An incomplete protein to form

87
Q

How does genetic engineering manipulate dna

A

Inserting another organisms dna

88
Q

What are transgenic organisms caused by

A

Genetic engineering

89
Q

Before genetic information can be modified what do you need to know

A

The organisms genome

90
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Tool that uses electric currents to separate dna into fragments by size to analyze a dna sample

91
Q

What cuts dna so that it can separate

A

Restriction enzymes

92
Q

How does gel electrophoresis work

A

The negatively charged dna goes to the negative end of the gel and when the current comes the fragments move to the positive areas because opposites attract and small pieces move farther throughout the gel

93
Q

How to identify an unknown person

A

If the banding patterns match

94
Q

Was dna structure of function found first

95
Q

What is dna

A

The genetic code of all life

96
Q

DNA primes role

A

Initiates dna synthesis by creating short rna segment at the replication fork

97
Q

How fast does dna polymerase match the base pairs

A

One at a time

Honors Biology (20 decks)

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