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Honors Biology > Studying Unit 4 > Flashcards

Studying Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

in a molecule, monomers are connected by

A

covalent bonds

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2
Q

is a hydrogen bond weak or strong

A

weak

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3
Q

what macromolecule provides structure of a cell membrane

A

lipids

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4
Q

polarity

A

the property of water allowing it to have different charges at each end of the molecule

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5
Q

are all catalysts enzymes

A

no

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6
Q

phospholipids

A

they are in cells, a protective layer, known as cell membrane/bilayer, they are hydrophobic, and do not dissolve in water

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7
Q

what suffix is used for enzymes

A

ase

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8
Q

pepsin

A

gastric enzyme digesting protein

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9
Q

substrates must be compatible with an enzyme in regards to

A

its physical and chemical properties

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10
Q

what happens to proteins that are denatured

A

they change shape

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11
Q

what does ATP do

A

it transports energy for metabolism

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12
Q

what is ATP

A

a chemical compound cells use to store and release energy

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13
Q

how do you find the number of neutrons, protons, and electrons

A

atomic number=protons=electrons; neutrons=mass-atomic number

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14
Q

what factor determines that an oxygen atom can form two covalent bonds while a carbon atom can form four

A

the number of valence electrons it has available for bonding

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15
Q

isotope

A

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

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16
Q

ion

A

atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons (has a charge)

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17
Q

van der Waals forces/attractions

A

attraction between positive and negative regions of a molecule

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18
Q

water is a polar molecule means that

A

oxygen atom is slightly negative and hydrogen atoms are slightly positive, making it polar, causing it to have a bent shape

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19
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak bond formed because of electrostatic attractions between molecules

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20
Q

where are hydrogen bonds found

A

between neighboring water molecules

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21
Q

surface tension

A

property that prevents the surface of water from breaking or stretching

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22
Q

what property does surface tension stem from

A

cohesion

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23
Q

water’s high specific heat

A

it takes a lot of energy to heat and cool water

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24
Q

does a solution get more acidic or basic when it gains hydrogen atoms

A

more acidic

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25
Q

does a solution get more acidic or basic when it loses hydrogen atoms

A

more basic

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26
Q

what is the relation between monomers and polymers

A

monomers are single units that link together to form polymers

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27
Q

polymer of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharide

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28
Q

examples of carbohydrates

A

cellulose, glycogen, startch

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29
Q

polymer of lipids

A

phospholipids

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30
Q

eamples of lipids

A

wax, fats, steroids, cholesterol

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31
Q

polymer of proteins

A

polypeptide chains

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32
Q

examples of proteins

A

enzymes, collagen, hemoglobin, structural protein

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33
Q

what group to cellulose and chitin belong to and what are they/what do they do

A

carbohydrates; gives plant cells support; make up the shell of lobster and shrimp

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34
Q

what is the specific chemical formula of carbohydrates

A

1:2:1 ratio

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35
Q

function of lipids

A

found in cells as a protective layer around cell membrane

36
Q

what are saturated fats from

A

animals

37
Q

what are unsaturated fats from

A

plants

38
Q

function of nucleic acid

A

acts as energy for the cell

39
Q

how is ATP formed

A

when a cell breaks down food molecules, they transform the energy from food to ATP

40
Q

what is ATP*

A

the main energy currency of cells

41
Q

about unsaturated fats

A

double bonds, hard to stack, liquid at room temperature

42
Q

about saturated fats

A

single bonds, easy to stack, solid at room temperature

43
Q

functions of protein

A

involved in almost all bodily functions, cell to cell transport, cell signaling, speed up chemical reactions, control cell growth

44
Q

levels of folding proteins

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

45
Q

what is the primary level of protein made up of

A

amino acids

46
Q

what is the secondary level of protein made up of

A

alpha helix or beta sheets

47
Q

what is the tertiary level of protein made up of

A

alpha helix and beta sheets

48
Q

what is the quaternary level of protein made up of

A

many tertiaries

49
Q

what does the folding of protein do for the protein

A

allows it to carry out its functions

50
Q

bonds in endergonic reactions

A

bonds are formed

51
Q

bonds in exergonic reactions

A

bonds are broken

52
Q

different reactions call for different

A

enzymes

53
Q

molecule

A

compound in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds

54
Q

what charge do atoms have

A

neutral

55
Q

how many electrons can the first and second energy level hold

A

2; 8

56
Q

Z=

A

number of protons

57
Q

mass=

A

sum of protons and neutrons

58
Q

what does a change in the number of neutrons cause

A

nucleus to decay, emit radiation

59
Q

hydrocarbon

A

compound made of only carbon and hydrogen

60
Q

are compounds different from the elements that compose them

A

yes; chemically and physically

61
Q

donor electron

A

an electron that was given away and causes its initial element to become positive

62
Q

acceptor electron

A

an electron that an element gains and causes its initial element to become negative

63
Q

valence electrons

A

outer electrons

64
Q

what are most ionic compounds at room temperature

A

solid

65
Q

are solids or liquids more environmentally friendly

A

liquids

66
Q

buffers

A

mixtures that react with acids and bases and keep pH in a certain range

67
Q

acids

A

a substance that releases a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water

68
Q

bases

A

a substance that releases a hydroxide ion when dissolved in water

69
Q

what are electrons most attracted to in water

A

oxygen’s nucleus

70
Q

specific heat

A

amount of heat needed to change the unit mass of a substance by one degree in temperature

71
Q

pH

A

the concentration of H+

72
Q

macromolecule

A

large molecules that form from smaller organic molecules

73
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

small pieces join to form a big polymer

74
Q

hydrolysis

A

polymer gets broken down to smaller pieces

75
Q

how are polymers linked

A

covalent bonds

76
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group (can be another carbohydrate or not)

77
Q

is DNA double or single stranded

A

double

78
Q

is RNA double or single stranded

A

single

79
Q

chemical reaction

A

when the chemical bonds of one substance are broken and new bonds are formed, creating a new substance

80
Q

chemical energy

A

the form of energy most important for living things

81
Q

chemical vs. physical change

A

new substance vs. same substance with a different appearance

82
Q

when do you call something a reactant vs. a substrate

A

before the reaction

83
Q

when do you call something a substrate vs. a reactant

A

during the reaction

84
Q

why is carbon considered as the foundation of making organic compounds

A

it has four valence electrons allowing it to have a variety of bonds

85
Q

why are carbohydrates used as short term energy

A

it takes less energy to break their bonds

86
Q

peptide bond

A

when amino acids are joined

87
Q
A

Honors Biology (13 decks)

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