Studying Unit 4

Question 1

in a molecule, monomers are connected by

Answer 1

covalent bonds

Question 2

is a hydrogen bond weak or strong

Answer 2

weak

Question 3

what macromolecule provides structure of a cell membrane

Answer 3

lipids

Question 4

polarity

Answer 4

the property of water allowing it to have different charges at each end of the molecule

Question 5

are all catalysts enzymes

Answer 5

no

Question 6

phospholipids

Answer 6

they are in cells, a protective layer, known as cell membrane/bilayer, they are hydrophobic, and do not dissolve in water

Question 7

what suffix is used for enzymes

Answer 7

ase

Question 8

pepsin

Answer 8

gastric enzyme digesting protein

Question 9

substrates must be compatible with an enzyme in regards to

Answer 9

its physical and chemical properties

Question 10

what happens to proteins that are denatured

Answer 10

they change shape

Question 11

what does ATP do

Answer 11

it transports energy for metabolism

Question 12

what is ATP

Answer 12

a chemical compound cells use to store and release energy

Question 13

how do you find the number of neutrons, protons, and electrons

Answer 13

atomic number=protons=electrons; neutrons=mass-atomic number

Question 14

what factor determines that an oxygen atom can form two covalent bonds while a carbon atom can form four

Answer 14

the number of valence electrons it has available for bonding

Question 15

isotope

Answer 15

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

Question 16

ion

Answer 16

atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons (has a charge)

Question 17

van der Waals forces/attractions

Answer 17

attraction between positive and negative regions of a molecule

Question 18

water is a polar molecule means that

Answer 18

oxygen atom is slightly negative and hydrogen atoms are slightly positive, making it polar, causing it to have a bent shape

Question 19

hydrogen bond

Answer 19

a weak bond formed because of electrostatic attractions between molecules

Question 20

where are hydrogen bonds found

Answer 20

between neighboring water molecules

Question 21

surface tension

Answer 21

property that prevents the surface of water from breaking or stretching

Question 22

what property does surface tension stem from

Answer 22

cohesion

Question 23

water’s high specific heat

Answer 23

it takes a lot of energy to heat and cool water

Question 24

does a solution get more acidic or basic when it gains hydrogen atoms

Answer 24

more acidic

Question 25

does a solution get more acidic or basic when it loses hydrogen atoms

Answer 25

more basic

Question 26

what is the relation between monomers and polymers

Answer 26

monomers are single units that link together to form polymers

Question 27

polymer of carbohydrates

Answer 27

polysaccharide

Question 28

examples of carbohydrates

Answer 28

cellulose, glycogen, startch

Question 29

polymer of lipids

Answer 29

phospholipids

Question 30

eamples of lipids

Answer 30

wax, fats, steroids, cholesterol

Question 31

polymer of proteins

Answer 31

polypeptide chains

Question 32

examples of proteins

Answer 32

enzymes, collagen, hemoglobin, structural protein

Question 33

what group to cellulose and chitin belong to and what are they/what do they do

Answer 33

carbohydrates; gives plant cells support; make up the shell of lobster and shrimp

Question 34

what is the specific chemical formula of carbohydrates

Answer 34

1:2:1 ratio

Question 35

function of lipids

Answer 35

found in cells as a protective layer around cell membrane

Question 36

what are saturated fats from

Answer 36

animals

Question 37

what are unsaturated fats from

Answer 37

plants

Question 38

function of nucleic acid

Answer 38

acts as energy for the cell

Question 39

how is ATP formed

Answer 39

when a cell breaks down food molecules, they transform the energy from food to ATP

Question 40

what is ATP*

Answer 40

the main energy currency of cells

Question 41

about unsaturated fats

Answer 41

double bonds, hard to stack, liquid at room temperature

Question 42

about saturated fats

Answer 42

single bonds, easy to stack, solid at room temperature

Question 43

functions of protein

Answer 43

involved in almost all bodily functions, cell to cell transport, cell signaling, speed up chemical reactions, control cell growth

Question 44

levels of folding proteins

Answer 44

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 45

what is the primary level of protein made up of

Answer 45

amino acids

Question 46

what is the secondary level of protein made up of

Answer 46

alpha helix or beta sheets

Question 47

what is the tertiary level of protein made up of

Answer 47

alpha helix and beta sheets

Question 48

what is the quaternary level of protein made up of

Answer 48

many tertiaries

Question 49

what does the folding of protein do for the protein

Answer 49

allows it to carry out its functions

Question 50

bonds in endergonic reactions

Answer 50

bonds are formed

Question 51

bonds in exergonic reactions

Answer 51

bonds are broken

Question 52

different reactions call for different

Answer 52

enzymes

Question 53

molecule

Answer 53

compound in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds

Question 54

what charge do atoms have

Answer 54

neutral

Question 55

how many electrons can the first and second energy level hold

Answer 55

2; 8

Question 56

Z=

Answer 56

number of protons

Question 57

mass=

Answer 57

sum of protons and neutrons

Question 58

what does a change in the number of neutrons cause

Answer 58

nucleus to decay, emit radiation

Question 59

hydrocarbon

Answer 59

compound made of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 60

are compounds different from the elements that compose them

Answer 60

yes; chemically and physically

Question 61

donor electron

Answer 61

an electron that was given away and causes its initial element to become positive

Question 62

acceptor electron

Answer 62

an electron that an element gains and causes its initial element to become negative

Question 63

valence electrons

Answer 63

outer electrons

Question 64

what are most ionic compounds at room temperature

Answer 64

solid

Question 65

are solids or liquids more environmentally friendly

Answer 65

liquids

Question 66

buffers

Answer 66

mixtures that react with acids and bases and keep pH in a certain range

Question 67

acids

Answer 67

a substance that releases a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water

Question 68

bases

Answer 68

a substance that releases a hydroxide ion when dissolved in water

Question 69

what are electrons most attracted to in water

Answer 69

oxygen's nucleus

Question 70

specific heat

Answer 70

amount of heat needed to change the unit mass of a substance by one degree in temperature

Question 71

pH

Answer 71

the concentration of H+

Question 72

macromolecule

Answer 72

large molecules that form from smaller organic molecules

Question 73

dehydration synthesis

Answer 73

small pieces join to form a big polymer

Question 74

hydrolysis

Answer 74

polymer gets broken down to smaller pieces

Question 75

how are polymers linked

Answer 75

covalent bonds

Question 76

glycosidic bonds

Answer 76

type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group (can be another carbohydrate or not)

Question 77

is DNA double or single stranded

Answer 77

double

Question 78

is RNA double or single stranded

Answer 78

single

Question 79

chemical reaction

Answer 79

when the chemical bonds of one substance are broken and new bonds are formed, creating a new substance

Question 80

chemical energy

Answer 80

the form of energy most important for living things

Question 81

chemical vs. physical change

Answer 81

new substance vs. same substance with a different appearance

Question 82

when do you call something a reactant vs. a substrate

Answer 82

before the reaction

Question 83

when do you call something a substrate vs. a reactant

Answer 83

during the reaction

Question 84

why is carbon considered as the foundation of making organic compounds

Answer 84

it has four valence electrons allowing it to have a variety of bonds

Question 85

why are carbohydrates used as short term energy

Answer 85

it takes less energy to break their bonds

Question 86

peptide bond

Answer 86

when amino acids are joined