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Honors Biology > Studying Unit 5 > Flashcards

Studying Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what characteristics do all cells have

A

cytoplasm, plasma membrane, genetic material, the ability to break down molecules to energy, instruction for making more cells

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2
Q

how do prokaryotic cells reproduce

A

binary fission (asexual)

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3
Q

what is compartmentalization/specialized functions

A

a cell being divided by organelles that each have their own job

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4
Q

what are the four components of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids, protein, carbohydrates, cholesterol

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5
Q

what do phospholipids do in the plasma membrane

A

they are a pathway for ions and macromolecules to move across the membrane, it provides a barrier for the cell, and it protects the cell and the organelles within it

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6
Q

what does protein to in the plasma membrane

A

they act as receptors to transmit signals, anchor the plasma membrane to the interior, and they are tunnels and channels for molecules

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7
Q

what does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane

A

it is a nonpolar molecule, it repels water, it adds fluidity to it, and it prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

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8
Q

what do carbohydrates do in the plasma membrane

A

they attack to proteins or the membrane and act as a tag or identifier

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9
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

where phospholipids and other components of the plasma membrane are able to float, are fluid, and resemble a mosaic

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10
Q

similarities between plant and animal cells are

A

membrane bound organelles

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11
Q

what type of energy does active transport require

A

ATP

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12
Q

what protein is needed for osmosis

A

aquaporins

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13
Q

how do large molecules move around the plasma membrane in passive transport

A

facilitated diffusion

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14
Q

how do large molecules move around the plasma membrane in active transport

A

endocytosis

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15
Q

what is a situation in which sodium and potassium ions use passive transport to get across the plasma membrane

A

when they move from areas of high concentration to low concentration

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16
Q

what are the parts of the cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure for all living things, and cells come from other cells and they pass down copies of their genetic material to their daughter cells

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17
Q

whose ideas created the cell theory

A

schleiden, schwann, virchow

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18
Q

what are the two main components of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids and proteins

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19
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane (kahoot)

A

transports ATP, intercellular connection, anchorage, contains enzymes, cell to cell signaling

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20
Q

what allows cells to be specialized

A

organelles

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21
Q

mitosis

A

asexual reproduction for eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

meiosis

A

sexual reproduction for eukaryotic cells

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23
Q

what is prokaryotic cell DNA called

A

circular nucleoid

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24
Q

what did Hooke initially call cells

A

cellulae

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25
Q

what did leeuwenhoek do

A

he made his own microscope, investigated pond water and milk and noticed that there were living organisms in them

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26
Q

what did leeuwenhoek call the living organisms he found and what are they called now

A

animacules; protozoans

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27
Q

what did schleiden discover

A

all plants are composed of cells

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28
Q

what did schwann discover

A

animal tissue are composed of cells

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29
Q

what did virchow discover

A

all cells come from other pre-existing cells

30
Q

how many layers does the plasma membrane have

A

two

31
Q

what is the brownian motion

A

states that particles are always in motion, even when equilibrium is established

32
Q

what affects the rate of diffusion

A

concentration, temperature, pressure

33
Q

what are the types of transport proteins

A

channel proteins and carrier proteins

34
Q

what are channel proteins

A

they are tube like openings in the plasma membrane that allow specific substances to enter and exit (for small, charged particles)

35
Q

what are carrier proteins

A

they bind to large molecules or ions and carry them to the other side

36
Q

when does something lyse

A

when placed in a hypotonic solution; it expands and bursts

37
Q

when does something crenate

A

when placed in a hypertonic solution; it shrinks/shrivels

38
Q

does active transport help to maintain homeostasis

A

yes

39
Q

what does active transport require

A

carrier proteins or pumps to move molecules

40
Q

do carrier proteins and pumps move molecules through the gradient both ways

A

some can

41
Q

what move charged ions

A

ion pumps

42
Q

what move uncharged molecules

A

molecular pumps

43
Q

what is the sodium potassium pump and what does it do

A

it is an enzyme and it breaks down ATP into ADP+Pi, which releases energy

44
Q

what is the other name for the sodium potassium pump

A

Na^+ -K^+ pump

45
Q

what does the sodium potassium pump move

A

ions

46
Q

what direction does the sodium potassium pump move ions

A

against their concentration gradients

47
Q

what does the sodium potassium pump allow throughout the body

A

nerve signals to move

48
Q

what is the sodium potassium pump ratio and what does it create

A

three sodium ions move out of the cell while two potassium ions move into the cell every time, which creates a concentration gradient

49
Q

what does the sodium potassium pump concentration gradient allow

A

the sodium potassium pump to pair with other proteins to bring in other particles

50
Q

passive transport can’t occur when

A

equilibrium is reached

51
Q

what is needed to maintain concentration gradients to continue cell processes even when equilibrium is reached

A

active transport

52
Q

what composes prokaryotic cells

A

cilia, the plasma membrane (capsule), cytoplasm, cell wall, flagella, nucleoid region, ribosomes

53
Q

what is the dna arrangement of prokaryotes

A

single, circular chromosomes

54
Q

what is the dna arrangement of eukaryotes

A

multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus

55
Q

what are the specific parts of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid, cholesterol, glycoprotein, protein, glycolipid

56
Q

what is necessary for diffusion

A

membrane for a molecule to diffuse

57
Q

what kind of molecules move in diffusion

A

small molecules

58
Q

what does the cell wall surround

A

the plasma membrane

59
Q

what does the cell membrane act as

A

a boundary that protects the cell

60
Q

structure of cytoplasm

A

gel-like substance within cell

61
Q

structure of cytoskeleton

A

structural support made of microtubules and microfilaments

62
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

anchors cell, internal support network, allows organelles to move

63
Q

what do ribosomes make proteins for

A

inside and outside the cell

64
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

RNA and protein

65
Q

what does the mitochondria produce

A

ATP

66
Q

what does the mitochondria convert food to

A

usable energy

67
Q

structure of vacuole

A

fluid, gel-like tank

68
Q

function of vacuole

A

stores materials within cytoplasm

69
Q

golgi apparatus structure

A

flattened stack of membranes

70
Q

why do vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane

A

to release proteins

71
Q

what are cilia and flagella made of

A

complex protein fibers

Honors Biology (15 decks)

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