Studying Unit 5 Flashcards
what characteristics do all cells have
cytoplasm, plasma membrane, genetic material, the ability to break down molecules to energy, instruction for making more cells
how do prokaryotic cells reproduce
binary fission (asexual)
what is compartmentalization/specialized functions
a cell being divided by organelles that each have their own job
what are the four components of the plasma membrane
phospholipids, protein, carbohydrates, cholesterol
what do phospholipids do in the plasma membrane
they are a pathway for ions and macromolecules to move across the membrane, it provides a barrier for the cell, and it protects the cell and the organelles within it
what does protein to in the plasma membrane
they act as receptors to transmit signals, anchor the plasma membrane to the interior, and they are tunnels and channels for molecules
what does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane
it is a nonpolar molecule, it repels water, it adds fluidity to it, and it prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together
what do carbohydrates do in the plasma membrane
they attack to proteins or the membrane and act as a tag or identifier
what is the fluid mosaic model
where phospholipids and other components of the plasma membrane are able to float, are fluid, and resemble a mosaic
similarities between plant and animal cells are
membrane bound organelles
what type of energy does active transport require
ATP
what protein is needed for osmosis
aquaporins
how do large molecules move around the plasma membrane in passive transport
facilitated diffusion
how do large molecules move around the plasma membrane in active transport
endocytosis
what is a situation in which sodium and potassium ions use passive transport to get across the plasma membrane
when they move from areas of high concentration to low concentration
what are the parts of the cell theory
all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure for all living things, and cells come from other cells and they pass down copies of their genetic material to their daughter cells
whose ideas created the cell theory
schleiden, schwann, virchow
what are the two main components of the plasma membrane
phospholipids and proteins
what are the functions of the plasma membrane (kahoot)
transports ATP, intercellular connection, anchorage, contains enzymes, cell to cell signaling
what allows cells to be specialized
organelles
mitosis
asexual reproduction for eukaryotic cells
meiosis
sexual reproduction for eukaryotic cells
what is prokaryotic cell DNA called
circular nucleoid
what did Hooke initially call cells
cellulae
what did leeuwenhoek do
he made his own microscope, investigated pond water and milk and noticed that there were living organisms in them
what did leeuwenhoek call the living organisms he found and what are they called now
animacules; protozoans
what did schleiden discover
all plants are composed of cells
what did schwann discover
animal tissue are composed of cells
what did virchow discover
all cells come from other pre-existing cells
how many layers does the plasma membrane have
two
what is the brownian motion
states that particles are always in motion, even when equilibrium is established
what affects the rate of diffusion
concentration, temperature, pressure
what are the types of transport proteins
channel proteins and carrier proteins
what are channel proteins
they are tube like openings in the plasma membrane that allow specific substances to enter and exit (for small, charged particles)
what are carrier proteins
they bind to large molecules or ions and carry them to the other side
when does something lyse
when placed in a hypotonic solution; it expands and bursts
when does something crenate
when placed in a hypertonic solution; it shrinks/shrivels
does active transport help to maintain homeostasis
yes
what does active transport require
carrier proteins or pumps to move molecules
do carrier proteins and pumps move molecules through the gradient both ways
some can
what move charged ions
ion pumps
what move uncharged molecules
molecular pumps
what is the sodium potassium pump and what does it do
it is an enzyme and it breaks down ATP into ADP+Pi, which releases energy
what is the other name for the sodium potassium pump
Na^+ -K^+ pump
what does the sodium potassium pump move
ions
what direction does the sodium potassium pump move ions
against their concentration gradients
what does the sodium potassium pump allow throughout the body
nerve signals to move
what is the sodium potassium pump ratio and what does it create
three sodium ions move out of the cell while two potassium ions move into the cell every time, which creates a concentration gradient
what does the sodium potassium pump concentration gradient allow
the sodium potassium pump to pair with other proteins to bring in other particles
passive transport can’t occur when
equilibrium is reached
what is needed to maintain concentration gradients to continue cell processes even when equilibrium is reached
active transport
what composes prokaryotic cells
cilia, the plasma membrane (capsule), cytoplasm, cell wall, flagella, nucleoid region, ribosomes
what is the dna arrangement of prokaryotes
single, circular chromosomes
what is the dna arrangement of eukaryotes
multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus
what are the specific parts of the plasma membrane
phospholipid, cholesterol, glycoprotein, protein, glycolipid
what is necessary for diffusion
membrane for a molecule to diffuse
what kind of molecules move in diffusion
small molecules
what does the cell wall surround
the plasma membrane
what does the cell membrane act as
a boundary that protects the cell
structure of cytoplasm
gel-like substance within cell
structure of cytoskeleton
structural support made of microtubules and microfilaments
function of cytoskeleton
anchors cell, internal support network, allows organelles to move
what do ribosomes make proteins for
inside and outside the cell
what are ribosomes made of
RNA and protein
what does the mitochondria produce
ATP
what does the mitochondria convert food to
usable energy
structure of vacuole
fluid, gel-like tank
function of vacuole
stores materials within cytoplasm
golgi apparatus structure
flattened stack of membranes
why do vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane
to release proteins
what are cilia and flagella made of
complex protein fibers
