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Honors Biology > Studying Unit 6 > Flashcards

Studying Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the ATP and ADP cycle

A

ATP becomes ADP through a catabolic reaction that breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate. ADP becomes ATP through an anabolic reaction where that phosphate bond is restored

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2
Q

what is the energy released from ATP used for

A

power and to provide fuel for cellular processes

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3
Q

how does chlorophyll make plants green

A

it absorbs red and blue pigment and reflects green and yellow light

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4
Q

without oxygen, what processes do cells use to break down organic molecules

A

fermentation and glycolysis

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5
Q

why is oxygen so important for cellular respiration

A

it allows the ETC to work; since it is the final electron acceptor and produces a proton gradient; hydrogen ions move down the gradient and power ATP synthase

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6
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed or converted

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7
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy

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8
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of the flow and transformation of energy

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9
Q

where is chlorophyll found

A

photosystem 1 and 2

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10
Q

is chlorophyll an accessory pigment

A

no

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11
Q

what enzyme allows G3P to become a five carbon compound to complete the carbon cycle

A

rubisco

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12
Q

where do light reactions occur in photosynthesis

A

thylakoid membrane

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13
Q

what enzyme transforms NADP+ into NADPH

A

ferredoxin

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14
Q

what does alcohol fermentation produce

A

ethyl alcohol (ethanol), carbon dioxide, ATP

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15
Q

equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy ——> C6H1206 + 602

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16
Q

equation of cellular respiration

A

C6H1206 + 602 ——–>6C02 + 6H2O + ATP energy

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17
Q

what stage of photosynthesis produces citric acid

A

krebs cycle

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18
Q

how does carbon dioxide enter plants

A

stomata on leaves

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19
Q

how does water enter plants

A

roots

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20
Q

what is the main light absorbing pigment in photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll a

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21
Q

what is the purpose of photosynthesis

A

it is responsible for all food sources on earth

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22
Q

what is chlorophyll b

A

an accessory pigment

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23
Q

in cellular respiration what are carbon dioxide and water made as

A

waste products

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24
Q

what is the purpose of cellular respiration

A

to convert glucose into usable energy for the cell

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25
Q

what are the temporary energy carrier molecules for cellular respiration

A

NADH and FADH2

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26
Q

what phase is NADH used for in cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, krebs cycle, preparatory reactions

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27
Q

what are the molecules needed for the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis

A

light, ADP, NADP+, H2O

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28
Q

what are the molecules needed for the light independent reactions in photosynthesis

A

RuBP, rubisco, PGA, G3P, CO2, ATP, NADPH

29
Q

what molecules do the light dependent reactions make

A

ATP, NADPH, O2 gas

30
Q

what molecules do the light independent reactions make

A

NADP+, ADP, glucose

31
Q

what molecules are needed for glycolysis

A

ATP, NADP+

32
Q

what molecules are needed for the krebs cycle

A

pyruvate, acetyl CoA

33
Q

what are preparatory reactions

A

when pyruvate reacts with 2 CoA to become acetyl CoA

34
Q

what molecules are needed for ETC

A

NADH, FADH2, H+ ions, oxygen

35
Q

what molecules does glycolysis make

A

pyruvate, NADH, 2 ATP

36
Q

what molecules does the krebs cycle make

A

8NADH, 2FADH2, 6CO2, 2 ATP (per one glucose molecule)

37
Q

what molecules does ETC make

A

H2O, 32-34 ATP

38
Q

what is light

A

where plants get energy to store food

39
Q

what does glucose get broken into in glycolysis

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

40
Q

what is pyruvate

A

a three carbon compound

41
Q

what does glycolysis do with 2 NAD+

A

converts it to 2 NADH

42
Q

totals of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

43
Q

steps of glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate, turns 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH molecules with the hydrogen from glucose, total of 2 ATP produced

44
Q

steps of krebs cycle

A

pyruvate is taken to the mitochondrial matrix, the two carbon pyruvate combines with 2 CoA and becomes an acetyl CoA, the carbon taken off the pyruvate combines with oxygen and leaves the cell as carbon dioxide, 2 NADH form because the hydrogen atoms on the pyruvate carbons combine to form a hydrogen ion which combines with NAD+, acetyl CoA turns into citric acid, which is then broken down

45
Q

what does citric acid break down into

A

2CO2, 1ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2

46
Q

totals of the krebs cycle

A

6C02, 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2 (2 molecules of pyruvate)

47
Q

steps of the ETC

A

occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, NADH AND FADH2 release their electrons and hydrogen ions and become NAD+ and FAD, the hydrogen ions are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space and combine with oxygen to form water, this creates a concentration gradient, hydrogen ions get to ATP synthase and allow it to work, total of 32-24 ATP

48
Q

what does fermentation do

A

it makes ATP and regenerates NAD+

49
Q

light independent reactions steps

A

carbon dioxide combines with 6 RuBP which turns it from a five carbon molecule to a six carbon molecule, then they break into 12PGA, which would be a 2 3 carbon molecule, then the ATP from the light reactions releases energy and donates its phosphate to the PGA and the NADPH donates its electrons and hydrogen ions to it, which turns 12 PGA into 12 G3P, some of the carbon from the 12G3P leave as glucose, while the rest is used to restart the cycle by going through rubisco

50
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in a cell

51
Q

photoautotrophs

A

organisms that capture light energy from the sun and convert it into usable chemical energy

52
Q

is NADPH or NADP+ charged

A

NADPH

53
Q

how is NADPH made

A

light energy is captured, electrons get excited and energy is transferred to them, water molecules split into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions, the electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred to NADP+ to become NADPH

54
Q

is the creation of NADPH anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

55
Q

how is ATP made

A

light energy is captured, electrons get excited and energy is transferred to them, water molecules split into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions, the electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred to NADP+ to become NADPH, a concentration gradient forms and chemiosmosis occurs, hydrogen ions flow down the concentration gradient, and they go through ATP synthase

56
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient

57
Q

explanation of chemiosmosis

A

light hits photosystems one and two and causes water to split into oxygen and two hydrogen ions, one of the hydrogen ions goes through ferredoxin and combines with NADP+ to become NADPH, and the other goes through ATP synthase to combine with ADP+Pi to become ATP and that oxygen from the water leaves the cell and this happens inside the thylakoids

58
Q

what is carbon fixation

A

when carbon dioxide is joined with other organic compounds

59
Q

how to make glucose

A

carbon fixation, phosphate from ATP, hydrogen ions, and electrons from NADPH combine with the new compounds, some of the combined new compounds leave the cell as glucose, and some stay and are converted back to RuBP using rubisco

60
Q

what are the factors that affect photosynthesis

A

light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, water concentration

61
Q

describe C4 plants

A

plants that keep their stomata closed in the hot weather to prevent excess water from exiting; they have specialized cells to make carbon dioxide

62
Q

describe CAM plants

A

plants that only take in carbon dioxide at night when it is more cold and humid

63
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

organisms that get energy from chemicals

64
Q

catabolic

A

releases energy (breaks bonds)

65
Q

anabolic

A

uses energy (creates bonds)

66
Q

when organic molecules are broken down they

A

release energy

67
Q

what macromolecule is ATP

A

nucleic acid

68
Q

is photosynthesis catabolic or anabolic

A

anabolic

69
Q

is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic

A

catabolic

Honors Biology (15 decks)

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