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Honors Biology > Studying Unit 6 > Flashcards

Studying Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the ATP and ADP cycle

A

ATP becomes ADP through a catabolic reaction that breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate. ADP becomes ATP through an anabolic reaction where that phosphate bond is restored

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2
Q

what is the energy released from ATP used for

A

power and to provide fuel for cellular processes

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3
Q

how does chlorophyll make plants green

A

it absorbs red and blue pigment and reflects green and yellow light

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4
Q

without oxygen, what processes do cells use to break down organic molecules

A

fermentation and glycolysis

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5
Q

why is oxygen so important for cellular respiration

A

it allows the ETC to work; since it is the final electron acceptor and produces a proton gradient; hydrogen ions move down the gradient and power ATP synthase

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6
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed or converted

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7
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy

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8
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of the flow and transformation of energy

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9
Q

where is chlorophyll found

A

photosystem 1 and 2

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10
Q

is chlorophyll an accessory pigment

A

no

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11
Q

what enzyme allows G3P to become a five carbon compound to complete the carbon cycle

A

rubisco

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12
Q

where do light reactions occur in photosynthesis

A

thylakoid membrane

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13
Q

what enzyme transforms NADP+ into NADPH

A

ferredoxin

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14
Q

what does alcohol fermentation produce

A

ethyl alcohol (ethanol), carbon dioxide, ATP

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15
Q

equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy ——> C6H1206 + 602

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16
Q

equation of cellular respiration

A

C6H1206 + 602 ——–>6C02 + 6H2O + ATP energy

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17
Q

what stage of photosynthesis produces citric acid

A

krebs cycle

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18
Q

how does carbon dioxide enter plants

A

stomata on leaves

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19
Q

how does water enter plants

A

roots

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20
Q

what is the main light absorbing pigment in photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll a

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21
Q

what is the purpose of photosynthesis

A

it is responsible for all food sources on earth

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22
Q

what is chlorophyll b

A

an accessory pigment

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23
Q

in cellular respiration what are carbon dioxide and water made as

A

waste products

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24
Q

what is the purpose of cellular respiration

A

to convert glucose into usable energy for the cell

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25
what are the temporary energy carrier molecules for cellular respiration
NADH and FADH2
26
what phase is NADH used for in cellular respiration
glycolysis, krebs cycle, preparatory reactions
27
what are the molecules needed for the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis
light, ADP, NADP+, H2O
28
what are the molecules needed for the light independent reactions in photosynthesis
RuBP, rubisco, PGA, G3P, CO2, ATP, NADPH
29
what molecules do the light dependent reactions make
ATP, NADPH, O2 gas
30
what molecules do the light independent reactions make
NADP+, ADP, glucose
31
what molecules are needed for glycolysis
ATP, NADP+
32
what molecules are needed for the krebs cycle
pyruvate, acetyl CoA
33
what are preparatory reactions
when pyruvate reacts with 2 CoA to become acetyl CoA
34
what molecules are needed for ETC
NADH, FADH2, H+ ions, oxygen
35
what molecules does glycolysis make
pyruvate, NADH, 2 ATP
36
what molecules does the krebs cycle make
8NADH, 2FADH2, 6CO2, 2 ATP (per one glucose molecule)
37
what molecules does ETC make
H2O, 32-34 ATP
38
what is light
where plants get energy to store food
39
what does glucose get broken into in glycolysis
2 molecules of pyruvate
40
what is pyruvate
a three carbon compound
41
what does glycolysis do with 2 NAD+
converts it to 2 NADH
42
totals of glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
43
steps of glycolysis
glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate, turns 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH molecules with the hydrogen from glucose, total of 2 ATP produced
44
steps of krebs cycle
pyruvate is taken to the mitochondrial matrix, the two carbon pyruvate combines with 2 CoA and becomes an acetyl CoA, the carbon taken off the pyruvate combines with oxygen and leaves the cell as carbon dioxide, 2 NADH form because the hydrogen atoms on the pyruvate carbons combine to form a hydrogen ion which combines with NAD+, acetyl CoA turns into citric acid, which is then broken down
45
what does citric acid break down into
2CO2, 1ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2
46
totals of the krebs cycle
6C02, 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2 (2 molecules of pyruvate)
47
steps of the ETC
occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, NADH AND FADH2 release their electrons and hydrogen ions and become NAD+ and FAD, the hydrogen ions are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space and combine with oxygen to form water, this creates a concentration gradient, hydrogen ions get to ATP synthase and allow it to work, total of 32-24 ATP
48
what does fermentation do
it makes ATP and regenerates NAD+
49
light independent reactions steps
carbon dioxide combines with 6 RuBP which turns it from a five carbon molecule to a six carbon molecule, then they break into 12PGA, which would be a 2 3 carbon molecule, then the ATP from the light reactions releases energy and donates its phosphate to the PGA and the NADPH donates its electrons and hydrogen ions to it, which turns 12 PGA into 12 G3P, some of the carbon from the 12G3P leave as glucose, while the rest is used to restart the cycle by going through rubisco
50
metabolism
all the chemical reactions in a cell
51
photoautotrophs
organisms that capture light energy from the sun and convert it into usable chemical energy
52
is NADPH or NADP+ charged
NADPH
53
how is NADPH made
light energy is captured, electrons get excited and energy is transferred to them, water molecules split into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions, the electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred to NADP+ to become NADPH
54
is the creation of NADPH anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
55
how is ATP made
light energy is captured, electrons get excited and energy is transferred to them, water molecules split into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions, the electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred to NADP+ to become NADPH, a concentration gradient forms and chemiosmosis occurs, hydrogen ions flow down the concentration gradient, and they go through ATP synthase
56
what is chemiosmosis
the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient
57
explanation of chemiosmosis
light hits photosystems one and two and causes water to split into oxygen and two hydrogen ions, one of the hydrogen ions goes through ferredoxin and combines with NADP+ to become NADPH, and the other goes through ATP synthase to combine with ADP+Pi to become ATP and that oxygen from the water leaves the cell and this happens inside the thylakoids
58
what is carbon fixation
when carbon dioxide is joined with other organic compounds
59
how to make glucose
carbon fixation, phosphate from ATP, hydrogen ions, and electrons from NADPH combine with the new compounds, some of the combined new compounds leave the cell as glucose, and some stay and are converted back to RuBP using rubisco
60
what are the factors that affect photosynthesis
light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, water concentration
61
describe C4 plants
plants that keep their stomata closed in the hot weather to prevent excess water from exiting; they have specialized cells to make carbon dioxide
62
describe CAM plants
plants that only take in carbon dioxide at night when it is more cold and humid
63
chemoautotrophs
organisms that get energy from chemicals
64
catabolic
releases energy (breaks bonds)
65
anabolic
uses energy (creates bonds)
66
when organic molecules are broken down they
release energy
67
what macromolecule is ATP
nucleic acid
68
is photosynthesis catabolic or anabolic
anabolic
69
is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic
catabolic

Honors Biology (21 decks)

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