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Anatomy 141 > study guides > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system

A

supply body with O2 and dispose CO2

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2
Q

Explain the four main processes of respiration

A

1pulmonary ventilation(air must be moved in and out of lungs) 2external respiration ( gas exchange must occur between blood and air at lung alveoli) 3transort of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2 must be transported between lungs and cells of the body) 4internal respiration (gasses have to be exchanged between blood and tissue cells)

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3
Q

Explain cellular respiration

A

O2 is used by the cells and CO2 is produced as a waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy (ATP)

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4
Q

What other system works closely with the respiratory system

A

cardiovascular,

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5
Q

What are two other functions of the respiratory system?

A

sense of smell and vocalization of speech

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6
Q

conducting zone

A

includes respiratory passages that carry air to the sites of gas exchange ( nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles)

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7
Q

respiratory zone

A

the ACTUAL site of gas exchange in the lungs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)

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8
Q

function of nose

A

produces mucus; filters, warms and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech; receptors for sense of smell

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9
Q

function of pharynx

A

passageway for air and foods; tonsils respond to inhaled or ingested antigens

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10
Q

What does the pharynx connect and what materials does it conduct?

A

connects the nasal cavity and mouth; conducts food and air

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11
Q

What kind of muscle is located in the wall of the pharynx?

A

skeletal muscle

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12
Q

What kind of epithelium is located in the mucosa of each part of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
oropharynx- stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx- stratified squamoud epithelium

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13
Q

To what bone is the larynx attached?

A

hyoid bone

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14
Q

What does the larynx connect and what material does it conduct?

A

connects with trachea and conducts food and air

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15
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • produces vocalizations
  • provides and open airway
  • acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
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16
Q

What happens to the larynx during swallowing and why is this important?

A

larynx is pulled superiorly, epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet. this is important because it keeps food out of lower respirator tubes

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17
Q

Why is the inferior position of the larynx both beneficial and risky?

A

we can choke easily but the inferior location allows greater movement for the tongue for shaping sounds

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18
Q

What epithelia are located in the mucosae of the superior and inferior larynx? Why are the epithelia different?

A

superior - stratified squamous and this comes to contact with food
inferior - pseudistratified ciliated columnar and this entraps dust

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19
Q

what does the trachea connect

A

larynx to mediastinum then into the main bronchi

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20
Q

What epithelium is located in the mucosa of the trachea? What does the epithelium do?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium(air filter with cilia)and lamina propria(helps trach stretch and recoil during exhalation)

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21
Q

Which parts of the bronchial tree belong to the conducting zone?

A

main bronchi, lobar bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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22
Q

Which parts of the bronchial tree belong to the respiratory zone?

A

alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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23
Q

What are the two phases of breathing/pulmonary ventilation?

A

inspiration(air flows in) and expiration (gases exit lung)

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24
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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25
Q

How does quiet expiration occur?

A

inspiratory muscles relax, rib cage drops under force of gravity, relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly

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26
Q

What three higher brain centers can modify the basic breathing pattern?

A

limbic system, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex

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27
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

filter many liters of fluid from blood, sending toxins, metabolic wastes, excess water, and excess ions out of the body in urine while returning needed substances from filtrate to blood.

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28
Q

What three other organs, in addition to the kidneys, are considered excretory organs?

A

lungs, liver, and skin

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29
Q

Are the kidneys retroperitoneal?

A

yes, they do lie behind the parietal peritoneum

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30
Q

What are the three mechanisms of urine production? Explain what happens for each of these mechanisms.

A

filtration-a filtrate of the blood capillary leaves and enters the renal tubule
resorption- nutrients, water and essential ions are recovered from filtrate and returned to the blood capillaries of surrounding CT
Secretion- moves undesirable molecules into the tubules from the blood to the surrounding capillaries

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31
Q

What is the main structural and functional unit of the kidney? What are the two main parts of this unit?

A

nephron and the two main parts are the renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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32
Q

What type of capillary is the glomerulus?

A

fenestrated

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33
Q

Where does filtration occur? How much fluid is filtered out of the blood vessels?

A

renal corpuscle, 80%

34
Q

How is a cortical nephron different from a juxtamedullary nephron

A

cortical- 85% of nephrons, located in cortex, nephron loop doesn’t dip as far
juxamedullary- 15% of nephrons, lie near cortex medulla junction, longer nephron loops that dip far

35
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

carry urine from kidneys to bladder

36
Q

What region of the kidney directs urine into the ureter?

A

renal pelvis

37
Q

Why does urine not leak from the urinary bladder into the ureters while you are sleeping?

A

increase of pressure within the bladder compresses the bladder wall and closes distal ends of ureters

38
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

stores and expels urine

39
Q

Describe the two main organ groups of the digestive system. List the organs in each main group

A

alimentary canal- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
accessory digestive organs- teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas

40
Q

What are the functions of the mouth?

A

food is chewed and manipulated by the tongue and moistened with saliva

41
Q

Describe the functions of saliva. What are the components of saliva?

A

components: water, ions, mucus, and enzymes
Functions: moistens mouth, dissolves food chemicals so we can taste, wets food to create a bolus

42
Q

three major salivary glands.

A

submandibular, sublingual, and parotid

43
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

propels swallowed food into the stomach

44
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

food is churned and turned into chyme

45
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

site of most enzyme digestion and virtually all absorption of nutrients

46
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

absorb water and electrolytes from the digested mass

47
Q

What is the digestive function of the liver?

A

produce bile

48
Q

What are some metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  • makes blood protiens
  • detoxifies many poisons and drugs in the body
  • processes fats and amino acids and stores certain vitamins
49
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

50
Q

What is the digestive function of the pancreas?

A

to produce enzymes to digest in the small intestine

51
Q

What are primary sex organs or gonads in the male?

A

testes

52
Q

Identify the accessory sex organs in the male. Indicate which organs are ducts and which are glands.

A

ducts- epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra and penis
glands- seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral gland

53
Q

What are the two functions of the testes?

A

produce sperm and secrete hormones testosterone

54
Q

What are the functions of the epididymis?

A

is where sperm mature

55
Q

What are the functions of the ductus deferens/vas deferens?

A

stores and transports sperm during ejaculation

56
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

closing the ductus deferens by tieing them off or fusing them

57
Q

What is the reproductive function of the urethra and the urethral glands?

A

urethra helps carry sperm outside of body and urethral glands secrete a mucus that lubricate the urethra

58
Q

What is semen?

A

sperm plus secretions of accessory glands and ducts

59
Q

What are the functions of the seminal glands/vesicles?

A

contract to empty during ejaculation

60
Q

What are the functions of the prostate?

A

secrete a milky fluid that enhances motility and enzymes that liquify semen

61
Q

What are the functions of the bulbourethral glands?

A

produce a mucus that neutralizes the acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates it too smooth the passageway for semen

62
Q

What two organs comprise the male external genitalia?

A

penis and scrotum

63
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

delivers sperm into female reproductive tract

64
Q

What are the two phases of the male sexual response?

A

erection and ejaculation

65
Q

How many sperm cells are produced when one spermatogonium cell undergoes the process of spermatogenesis?

A

4

66
Q

What are primary sex organs or gonads in the female?

A

ovaries

67
Q

Identify the accessory sex organs in the female. Indicate which organs are ducts and which are glands.

A

ducts- uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

ducts- mammary glands

68
Q

What are the two functions of the ovaries?

A

store eggs and make sex hormones

69
Q

What are the functions of the uterine tubes?

A

site for fertilization

70
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A

receive,retain, nourish a fertilized egg throughout pregnancy

71
Q

List and explain the three layers of the uterine wall.

A

perimetrium(outer membrane), myometrium,(this contracts to expel baby from body) endometrium(if fertilization occurs, embryo burrows here and resides for the rest of pregnancy)

72
Q

How are the two layers of the endometrium different?

A

functional layer(shed during menstration) and basal layer( not shed but is responsible for making a new layer after menstruation)

73
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A

birth canal and receives penis and semen in intercourse

74
Q

How many ova cells are produced when one oogonium cell undergoes the process of oogenesis?

A

1

75
Q

How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis in terms of how long the two processes take?

A

oogenesis takes years to complete

76
Q

What is the uterine cycle and what are its three phases?

A

menstrual cycle, 1. menstrual phase - functional layer is shed

  1. proliferate phase- functional layer rebuilds
  2. secretory phase- endometrium prepares for implantation of an embryo
77
Q

What is the ovarian cycle and what are its three phases?

A

menstrual cycle as it relates to the ovary 1. follicular phase

  1. ovulation
  2. luteal phase
78
Q

What is the function of the mammary gland in females?

A

produce milk to nourish an infant

79
Q

When does fat deposition in the breast start to occur?

A

puberty

80
Q

When do the milk-producing lobules and their glandular alveoli actually develop?

A

halfway through pregnancy and milk producing lobules is after childbirth

Anatomy 141 (19 decks)

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