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Anatomy 141 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

name the levels of anatomical structural organization

A

-chemical, cellular, tissue, organ level, organ system level, organism also level

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2
Q

Chemical level

A

Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules combine to form macromolecules(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclei acid)

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3
Q

Cellular level

A

Cells and their surroundings are made up of molecules.

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4
Q

Tissue level

A

Consist of similar types of cells and associated extra cellular material.
Epithelial tissue forms inner lining of blood vessels

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5
Q

Organ level

A

Discrete structure made up of multiple tissue types

Liver, brain, femur, blood vessels

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6
Q

Organ system level

A

A unified group of organs and tissues that perform a specific function.
Cardiovascular system,blood vessels, blood, heart.

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7
Q

Organismal level

A

Smaller systems working interdependently

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8
Q

Name the 11 systems of the body

A 
Integumentary system , skeletal, 
muscular system, nervous system, 
endrocrine system,
 cardiovascular system,
 lymphatic system, 
respiratory system, 
digestive system, 
urinary system
male/female reproductive system.
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9
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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10
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite sides

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11
Q

Anterior/ventral

A

Toward, or at the front of the body

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12
Q

Posterior/dorsal

A

Towards or at the back of the body, behind

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13
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

Standing erect, feet flat, eyes forward, thumbs pointing away from body and palms facing outward

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14
Q

Describe basic features of the human body that are shared with all vertebrae

A
  1. Tube within a tube body plan: inner tube starts at mouth and ends at anus
  2. Bilateral symmetry
  3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  4. Notochord and vertebrae
  5. Segmentation( repeating similar structures)
  6. Pharyngeal pouches
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15
Q

Name the 2 body cavities

A

Dorsal and ventral

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16
Q

Dorsal body cavities subdivisions

A

Cranial cavity(brain)and vertebral cavity (vertebrae)

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17
Q

Ventral body cavity subdivisions

A

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

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18
Q

Name the three thoracic cavity parts

A
  1. Pleural cavity( lungs)
  2. Mediastinum
  3. Pericardial cavity ( heart)
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19
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function

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20
Q

List 4 major types of tissues and their one word functions

A
  1. Epithelial is covering
  2. Connective is support
  3. Muscle is movement
  4. Nervous is control
21
Q

Location of epithelial tissue

A

Outer layer of skin, linings of stomach and respiratory tube, lining of peritoneal cavity, lining of blood vessels

22
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Protection of underlying tissues
  2. Secretion
  3. absorption
  4. Diffusion
  5. Filteration
  6. sensory reception
23
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

24
Q

6 general characteristics of epithelial cells

A
  1. Cellularity
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Polarity
  4. Supported by connective tissue
  5. A vascular but innervated(nerve endings)
  6. Regeneration
25
Q

What are the 3 basic types of cells

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

26
Q

What’s the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands

A

ENDOcrine are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood

EXOcrine have ducts and secrete onto body surfaces/body cavities

27
Q

List the 4 types of connective tissues

A

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

28
Q

List the functions of connective tissues

A
  • form basis of skeleton( bone/cartilage)
  • store and carry nutrients( fat tissue/blood)
  • surround all blood vessels/nerves( connective tissue proper)
29
Q

Describe general characteristics of connective tissues

A
  1. Few cells, lots of extra cellular matrix
  2. EM= ground substance and fibers
  3. Mesenchyme
30
Q

Three types of lining membranes

A

Cutaneous- “skin” covering the outside surface of the body

  1. Mucous membrane- lines inside of every hollow organ that opens up to the outside of the body (respiratory tract, digestive, reproductive, urinary)
  2. Serous membrane- slippery membrane that lines closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
31
Q

List 3 types of muscle tissues and where they are located

A 
Skeletal muscles ( on skeletal)
Cardiac muscle (on heart) 
Smooth muscle (hollow internal organs)
32
Q

Explains the functions of the 3 muscles

A

1 produce movement
2 open/close passage ways
3 maintain posture and stability joints
4 generate heat

33
Q

Are blood vessels located within the muscle tissue itself?

A

Yes, they have 1 nerve, artery and vein

34
Q

Where are nervous tissue located

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

35
Q

Explains the function of the two types of cells found in nervous tissue

A

Nerurons- generate/conduct electrical impulses

Glial cells- support nourish and insulate the neuron

36
Q

How many cells make up the human body?

A

50-100 trillion

37
Q

Name the three scientists who formulated the cell theory and what were their main ideas about the cells

A

Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
Cell is the basic unit of life
Cells come from other cells
All living organisms consist of one or more cells

38
Q

What basic activities must a cell perform?

A
  1. Obtain nutrients and essential substances from surrounding body fluids
  2. Use nutrients to make molecules
  3. Dispose wastes
  4. Maintain shape and integrity
  5. Replace itself
39
Q

Name three basic parts of a cell

A

Cytoplasm,plasma membrane and nucleus

40
Q

Name the different types of membrane transport

A 
Passive process 
Simple diffusion 
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion 
Active transport
41
Q

Passive process

A

Does not require energy

Goes down the concentration gradient (more to less)

42
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of a molecule from a region from high concentration to low concentration
Molecule is able to move through the phosphate bilateral
Small no polar or fat soluble (o2,co2, steroid hormones, urea)

43
Q

Facillated diffusion

A

Diffusion of hydrophilic molecules

Requires protein- passage though the lipid bilayer

44
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through lipid bilayer

Most water transport is through water channels(aquaporins)

45
Q

Active processes

A

Requires energy
ATP is the most common energy source
Requires protein

46
Q

Eukaryotic

A

“Good nucleus”
Organelles
Younger in evolutionary sense
Generally larger

47
Q

Prokaryotic

A 
“Before nucleus” 
NO nucleus 
No organelles 
Older in evolutionary sense 
Tend to be smaller
48
Q

Light microscope

A

Uses visible light
Mid 1600s
Uses stains and dyes to enhance contrast
Cheap

49
Q

Electron microscope

A

Uses electrons to illuminate specimens
1940s
Use heavy metals to enhance contrast
Expensive

Anatomy 141 (19 decks)

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