chaper 1-5 Flashcards
a) Anatomy
Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body
b) Physiology
Physiology: the study of the function of the body parts
c) Pathology
Pathology: the study of the disease of the body
Superior (cephalic)
uppermost or above
Inferior (caudal)
lowermost or below
- Lateral
toward the side or away from the midline of the body
Medial
nearest the midline of the body
Proximal
nearest the point of attachment or origin
Distal
away from the point of attachment or origin
Anterior (ventral)
toward the front
. Posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
Sagittal
any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically dividing the body into unequal left and right portions
Midsagittal
Midsagittal plane vertically dividing the body into equal right and left portions
Frontal (coronal)
Frontal plane dividing anterior and posterior portions of the body at right angles to the sagittal plane
Transverse (Horizontal)
Transverse plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
- Ventral cavity
Ventral the belly side
o Thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity first subdivision of the ventral cavity that is surrounded by the rib cage and contains the heart and lung
o Pericardial cavity
Pericardial cavity space between the epicardium of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardial sac
o Pleural cavity
Pleural cavity small space between the pleural membranes
o Abdominal cavity
The cavity within the abdomen, the space between the abdominal wall and the spine.
The abdominal cavity is hardly an empty space. It contains a number of crucial organs including the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder.
o Pelvic cavity
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Abdomino-pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity second subdivision of the ventral cavity that contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus (in women)
o Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity: cavity containing the brain
o Spinal cavity
Spinal cavity cavity containing the spinal cord
dorsal
Dorsal toward the back
- Diaphragm
Diaphragm the muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity used in breathing
- Mediastinum
Mediastinum the space between the lungs
Cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular system body system consisting of the heart and vessels that pump and distribute blood to and from all cells
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic system consists of the lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and the lymphatic vessels
Respiratory system
Respiratory system consists of nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Digestive system
Digestive system consists of the alimentary canal with its associated gland
Endocrine
Endocrine system consists of the endocrine gland
Skeletal system
Skeletal system composed of bones, cartilage, and the membranous structures associated with bones
Muscular system
Muscular system consists of muscles, fasciae, tendon sheaths, and bursae
Nervous system
Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, and the sensory and motor struc- tures of the body
Urinary system
Urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Reproductive system
Reproductive system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female;
the testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in the male
- Discuss the levels of organization (i.e. atom, cell, etc )in the human body and their characteristics:
- Atom- the smallest particle of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element
- cell - smallest unit of life
- tissue - groups of cells similar in size, shape, and function
- organ-
- organ system
- organism
What is the smallest LIVING unit of life
cell
Proton
Proton part of the central nucleus that makes up an atom; has a positive charge
Neutron
part of the central neucleous that makes up an atom; carries no charge
Electron
Electron negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom at some distance from its center
What is the universal solvent
water
Define pH, including how the numbers on the pH scale relate to acidity and alkalinity, and its significance in the human body
Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
Acid
Acid a substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H ions when dissolved in water
Base
Base a substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water
Buffers
Buffer a substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen
ions
• Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Lipids
Lipids substances that are insoluble in water like fats
Proteins
Protein covalently bonded amino acids composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Nucleic acid the genetic material of a cell, either DNA or RNA
- Describe the structure and function of the following cellular organelles:
- Cell membrane
All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. This membrane is often called the plasma membrane or the plasmalemma
- Describe the structure and function of the following cellular organelles:
- Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm the protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell
1
- Nucleus
Nucleus 1. a mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the central nervous system; 2. part of an atom
- Nucleolus
1 Nucleolus a spherical particle within the nucleoplasm that does not have a covering membrane around it
Nucleoplasm that protoplasm inside the nucleus
- Mitochondria
A mitochondrion (singular) or mitochondria (my-toh- KON-dree-ah) (plural) are small oblong-shaped struc- tures composed of two membranes (Figure 3-8). The outer membrane gives a mitochondrion its capsule shape; the inner membrane folds on itself to provide a surface on which the energy-releasing chemical reac- tions of the cell occur
- Lysosomes
Lysosomes
small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain
powerful digestive enzymes that enhance the break down of cellular components
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
All cells will have a rough or granular ER. It is called rough or granular because it has ribosomes attached to it. These are the granules on the ER. Because of the attached ribosomes, the rough ER is a site of protein synthesis
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Occasionally, a smooth or agranular ER will be attached to a granular ER (see Figure 3-9). Structurally, the agran- ular form differs from the rough form. It does not have attached ribosomes. It also differs in function. Only cer- tain cells have the agranular or smooth ER. It is found in the cells of the gonads in which sex hormones are being synthesized. One function appears to be sex hormone synthesis. It is also found in the cells of the lacteals of the villi of the small intestine. Thus, it is also believed to be involved in the transportation of fats.
- Golgi Apparatus (Body)
Golgi body/apparatus consists of an assembly of flat sac-like cisternae that look like a stack of saucers or pancakes; used as a storage area in the cell
- Ribosomes
Ribosomes tiny granules distributed throughout the cyto- plasm where protein synthesis occurs
- Centrioles
pair = centrosome
Centrioles two centrioles make up a centrosome; they pro- duce spindle fibers during cell division
- Cilia
Cilia small hairs found on cells that function in movement of materials across the cell’s outer surface
Ciliary body consists of smooth muscles
Flagella
Flagella long fibers that push a cell like the flagellum of a sperm cell
- Plastids (Plant Cells)
1There are three plastids found in plant cells. The most common and most numerous of these are the chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts organelles found only in plant cells where pho- tosynthesis occurs; contain the pigment chlorophyll
-Chromoplasts
1Chromoplasts plastids in plant cells that contain the carot- enoid pigments
- Leucoplasts
Leucoplast plastid in plant cells that contains no pigment but stores sugar or starch
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- Cell Wall (Plant Cells)
The cell membrane of plant cells is surrounded by a semirigid covering called the cell wall made of a complex carbohydrate called cellulose (SELL-you-lohs). Cellu- lose is synthesized by Golgi bodies by linking up glucose units. Animal cells do not have cell walls. This material is what we call fiber in our diet. It cannot be digested; thus, it keeps our stools soft. We eat fruits and vegetables to maintain a balance of fiber in our diet. This fiber may help prevent the development of colon cancer.
- Define
• Metabolism
Metabolism the total chemical changes that occur inside a cell
Anabolism
Anabolism an energy-requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules
Catabolism
Catabolism an energy-releasing process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones.
What is the most common inorganic compound used to make ATP?
Glycolysis
Describe the differences between aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Aerobic Respiration- oxygen must be present
Anaerobic Processes- does not require oxygen
- Describe the cell cycle and its regulation.
- Interphase–Previously called resting stage
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
What is Mitosis? Describe the key steps in each stage of Mitosis
Mitosis process in which nuclear material is exactly replicated
Stages:
- prophase -the first phase of mitosis
- metaphase- second stage of mitosis
- Anaphase- third and shortest stage of mitosis
- Telophase -final stage of mitosis
What is Meiosis? Explain key steps in stage of Meiosis? Meiosis only occurs in what type of cells?
Meiosis a reduction division that occurs in the gonads to produce egg and sperm cells
Prophase I: homologous chromosomes pair and cross over
- Metaphase I: chromosomes align along equator
- Anaphase I: centromeres pulled to poles–One member to each pole•
Telophase I: one of each pair is at each pole
Prophase II: spindle forms; centrioles move to poles•
Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at equator
- Anaphase II: centromeres divide
- Telophase II: chromatids at each pole; new nuclear membrane forms
• Epithelial
Epithelial tissue type of tissue that protects, absorbs, or
secretes
• Connective
1Connective tissue a type of tissue that supports or binds
• Muscle
The basic characteristic of muscle tissue is its ability to shorten and thicken or contract. This is due to the interaction of two proteins in the muscle cell: actin and myosin.
Nervous
Nervous tissue a type of tissue that transmits impulses
Prophase
Prophase
–Chromosomes become visible as chromatids are joined by centromere
–Two kinetochores at the centromere
–Centrioles move to opposite poles
–Nuclear membrane breaks down
–Microtubules attach kinetochores to spindle
Metaphase
Metaphase
–Chromatids align at equator of cell
–Centromere divides
Anaphase
Anaphase
–Divided centromere pulls chromatids to opposite pole
–Cytokinesis begins
Telophase–Chromosomes uncoil and decondense–Spindle apparatus breaks down–New nuclear membrane forms–Cytokinesis nearly complet
Telophase –Chromosomes uncoil and decondense –Spindle apparatus breaks down –New nuclear membrane forms –Cytokinesis nearly complete
