Anatomy Final!! Flashcards
What are the two most dominant systems in the body?
The nervous and cardiovascular systems
What is the ventral cavity?
The front cavity that contains the thorsic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
In humans, what do anterior and posterior mean the same thing as?
Anterior & posterior mean the same thing as dorsal and ventral
What does caudal mean?
Towards the tailbone
What does cephalad mean?
Towards the head
What do distal and proximal mean?
Farther and closer to the main body
What are examples of positive feedback?
Blood clotting and childbirth
What are examples of negative feedback?
The pancreas making insulin and most other functions
What does negative feedback do?
It decreases its own response
What is assimilation?
Making food into nutrients and into part of the body
How many characteristics of life are there?
10
What’s an example of something in the axillary region?
The armpit
Where is the ingional region near?
The gonads/ gentials
What is the umbilical region?
The stomach region
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Regulating body temperature, protection, touch, keeping bacteria out, sun protection, immune barrier
What are the layers of the integumentary?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Corneum, lucidum, granulousum, spinosum, basale
What’s the phrase to help remember the layers of the epidermis?
Come, let’s get sun burnt
What does the stratum basale of the epidermis do?
It creates melanocytes
What do the sebaceous glands do?
They create a waterproof barrier by secreting sebum
What do the sweat glands do?
They cool you down and get rid of toxins
How does the blood supply to the skin affect homeostasis?
The capillaries become more perfumed if you’re hot (closer to the skins surface)
What do osteoblasts do?
They make bone
What makes bone?
Osteoblasts
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Protect, support, and store calcium
What supports the whole body?
The axial part of the skeleton
What are the parts of the axial skeleton?
Spine, head, ribs
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?
Pelvis, shoulders, arms, and legs
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
What is an example of a long bone?
The femur
What is an example of a short bone?
Carpals and tarsals
What is an example of a flat bone?
Scapula, sternum, and skull
What surrounds the bone?
The periosteum
What is the process of bone repair after a fracture?
Hematoma formation, fibrous callous, bony callous, compact bone/ remodeling
What is a bony callous made of?
Spongy bone
What is the name of the first vertebrae?
Atlas
What is the name of the second vertebrae?
Axis
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
Which nerve leaves the cranium before the rest?
The vagus nerve
What does the vagus nerve control?
Breathing
What makes the vagus nerve special?
It leaves the cranium before the rest of the nerves
What are the three types of cartilage?
Fibro, elastic, and hyaline
What things are made up of fibrocartilage?
The pads of the knees and the spinal disks
What is made up of elastic cartilage?
The nose
What is made up of hyaline cartilage?
The ends of bones; it’s the most common type
What’s the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
It’s voluntary, a long tube, and multi nucleated
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
It’s involuntary and striated
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
It’s involuntary and not striated
What type(s) of muscle is/are multinucleated?
Skeletal
What type(s) of muscle is/are striated?
Cardiac and skeletal
What type(s) of muscle is/are involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
What causes striations in certain types of muscle?
Myosin and actin
What are the back muscles called?
Latisimus dorsi
What are the layers of muscle tissues?
Epimysium (fasicle), perimysium, and endomysium
What does the endomysium surround?
Individual cells
What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell called?
Sarcolemma
What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?
Sarcoplasm
What is present in large muscles?
Big motor units
Where is the t-tubule located?
Next to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the difference between origin muscles and insertion muscles?
Origins don’t move, and insertions move
How do muscles move?
Electricity goes down t-tubules and triggers the SE to release calcium, which binds to troponin. Troponin pulls on tropomyosin and the crossbridge cycle begins
What part of moving muscles requires oxygen to make ATP?
The crossbridge cycle
Electricity goes down t-tubules and triggers the SE to release _________
Calcium
What binds to troponin? What does troponin bind to next?
Calcium binds to troponin, troponin binds to tropomyosin
What are the cells of the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, apendymal cells, and microglia
What do astrocytes do in the CNS?
They cover capillaries, provide structure, and protect the blood brain barrier
What do oligodendrocytes do in the CNS?
They make myosin
What do microglia do in the CNS?
They eat junk and help the immune system
What does the PNS have that the CNS doesn’t?
Nerves
What are the types of cells in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
What do Schwann cells do in the PNS?
They mylinate peripheral nerves
What do sattilite cells do in the PNS?
They provide immune support
What does afferent mean?
Going toward the brain
What are the types of neurons?
Bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar
Where are bipolar neurons found?
In afferent sensory organs like the eyes, nose, and ears
Where are unipolar neurons found?
In the hands and feet
Where are multipolar neurons found?
In the brain
What are the sections of the cerebrum?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
What communicates with the motor cortex?
The cerebellum
Where is the cerebellum located?
The back of the head
What takes info from neurons?
Dendrites
What happens at the synaptic cleft?
The presynaptic membrane releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic membrane grabs it
What are the parts of the eye?
Pupil, cornea, lens, iris
What is the nervous tunic of the eye?
The retina
What is behind the retina?
The coroid and sclera
What does the optic disk do?
It’s where all the nerves leave the eye and it creates a blind spot
What are the parts of the outside of the ear?
The orical and ear canal
What are the parts of the middle ear?
Anvil, hammer, stapes
What part of the ear has air?
The middle ear
What part of the ear is connected to the nose?
The middle ear
What are the parts of the inner ear?
Semicircular canals and cochlea
What part of the ear is in charge of balance?
The semicircular canals
What do the semicircular canals do?
They help with balance
What part of the ear is in charge of hearing?
The cochlea
What does the pineal gland do?
It produces melatonin
Where is the pineal gland located?
In brain
What does the hypothalamus of the brain do?
It releases hormones
What does the interior pituitary gland do?
It controls oxytocin
What does the anterior pituitary gland do?
It controls FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin
Where is the adrenal gland located?
By the kidneys
What are red blood cells in charge of?
Carrying oxygen
What do white blood cells do?
Immune stuffs
What is the phrase to remember the types of white blood cells?
Never let monkeys eat bananas
What do basophils do?
They ramp up histamine response
What do phagocytes do?
Eat bad things
What do eocynophils do?
They moderate allergic reactions
What does red bone marrow do?
It makes new blood cells in the epiphysis
Where do T-cells mature?
In the thymus
What helps with blood clotting?
Fibrin
How does blood clot?
Blood vessels contract, they clot with platelets, coagulation via fibrin
What do blood antibodies do?
They attack
What create blood types?
Antibodies and antigens
What are the parts of the heart?
Tricuspid valve, atriums, bicuspid valve, ventricles
What happens when the mitral valve opens?
The left valve opens
What vein has oxygenated blood?
The pulmonary vein
What’s the structural difference between veins and arteries?
Arteries have a more rigid body
What happens when altitude increases?
The amount of arethropoeton increases, which then increases the amount of RBCs
What’s the normal blood pressure?
120/80
What does the top number of blood pressure measure?
Ventricular contraction
What are lymph vessels?
Dead ends
What in the body is a dead end?
Lymph vessels
How much mercury is in atmospheric pressure?
750 ml
What part of respiration is passive?
Oxygen transport into aveoli
What are the three lines of defense of the immune system?
The first is skin/membranes, second is phagocytes, third is antibodies
What produces antibodies?
B-cells
What do B-cells do?
They produce antibodies
