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Anatomy 141 > Anatomy Final!! > Flashcards

Anatomy Final!! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two most dominant systems in the body?

A

The nervous and cardiovascular systems

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2
Q

What is the ventral cavity?

A

The front cavity that contains the thorsic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

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3
Q

In humans, what do anterior and posterior mean the same thing as?

A

Anterior & posterior mean the same thing as dorsal and ventral

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4
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Towards the tailbone

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5
Q

What does cephalad mean?

A

Towards the head

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6
Q

What do distal and proximal mean?

A

Farther and closer to the main body

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7
Q

What are examples of positive feedback?

A

Blood clotting and childbirth

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8
Q

What are examples of negative feedback?

A

The pancreas making insulin and most other functions

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9
Q

What does negative feedback do?

A

It decreases its own response

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10
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Making food into nutrients and into part of the body

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11
Q

How many characteristics of life are there?

A

10

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12
Q

What’s an example of something in the axillary region?

A

The armpit

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13
Q

Where is the ingional region near?

A

The gonads/ gentials

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14
Q

What is the umbilical region?

A

The stomach region

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15
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Regulating body temperature, protection, touch, keeping bacteria out, sun protection, immune barrier

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16
Q

What are the layers of the integumentary?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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17
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Corneum, lucidum, granulousum, spinosum, basale

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18
Q

What’s the phrase to help remember the layers of the epidermis?

A

Come, let’s get sun burnt

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19
Q

What does the stratum basale of the epidermis do?

A

It creates melanocytes

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20
Q

What do the sebaceous glands do?

A

They create a waterproof barrier by secreting sebum

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21
Q

What do the sweat glands do?

A

They cool you down and get rid of toxins

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22
Q

How does the blood supply to the skin affect homeostasis?

A

The capillaries become more perfumed if you’re hot (closer to the skins surface)

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23
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They make bone

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24
Q

What makes bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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25
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Protect, support, and store calcium

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26
Q

What supports the whole body?

A

The axial part of the skeleton

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27
Q

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

A

Spine, head, ribs

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28
Q

What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pelvis, shoulders, arms, and legs

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29
Q

What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular

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30
Q

What is an example of a long bone?

A

The femur

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31
Q

What is an example of a short bone?

A

Carpals and tarsals

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32
Q

What is an example of a flat bone?

A

Scapula, sternum, and skull

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33
Q

What surrounds the bone?

A

The periosteum

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34
Q

What is the process of bone repair after a fracture?

A

Hematoma formation, fibrous callous, bony callous, compact bone/ remodeling

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35
Q

What is a bony callous made of?

A

Spongy bone

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36
Q

What is the name of the first vertebrae?

A

Atlas

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37
Q

What is the name of the second vertebrae?

A

Axis

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38
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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39
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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40
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

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41
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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42
Q

Which nerve leaves the cranium before the rest?

A

The vagus nerve

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43
Q

What does the vagus nerve control?

A

Breathing

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44
Q

What makes the vagus nerve special?

A

It leaves the cranium before the rest of the nerves

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45
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Fibro, elastic, and hyaline

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46
Q

What things are made up of fibrocartilage?

A

The pads of the knees and the spinal disks

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47
Q

What is made up of elastic cartilage?

A

The nose

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48
Q

What is made up of hyaline cartilage?

A

The ends of bones; it’s the most common type

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49
Q

What’s the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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50
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

It’s voluntary, a long tube, and multi nucleated

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51
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

It’s involuntary and striated

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52
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

It’s involuntary and not striated

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53
Q

What type(s) of muscle is/are multinucleated?

A

Skeletal

54
Q

What type(s) of muscle is/are striated?

A

Cardiac and skeletal

55
Q

What type(s) of muscle is/are involuntary?

A

Cardiac and smooth

56
Q

What causes striations in certain types of muscle?

A

Myosin and actin

57
Q

What are the back muscles called?

A

Latisimus dorsi

58
Q

What are the layers of muscle tissues?

A

Epimysium (fasicle), perimysium, and endomysium

59
Q

What does the endomysium surround?

A

Individual cells

60
Q

What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell called?

A

Sarcolemma

61
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?

A

Sarcoplasm

62
Q

What is present in large muscles?

A

Big motor units

63
Q

Where is the t-tubule located?

A

Next to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

What is the difference between origin muscles and insertion muscles?

A

Origins don’t move, and insertions move

65
Q

How do muscles move?

A

Electricity goes down t-tubules and triggers the SE to release calcium, which binds to troponin. Troponin pulls on tropomyosin and the crossbridge cycle begins

66
Q

What part of moving muscles requires oxygen to make ATP?

A

The crossbridge cycle

67
Q

Electricity goes down t-tubules and triggers the SE to release _________

A

Calcium

68
Q

What binds to troponin? What does troponin bind to next?

A

Calcium binds to troponin, troponin binds to tropomyosin

69
Q

What are the cells of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, apendymal cells, and microglia

70
Q

What do astrocytes do in the CNS?

A

They cover capillaries, provide structure, and protect the blood brain barrier

71
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do in the CNS?

A

They make myosin

72
Q

What do microglia do in the CNS?

A

They eat junk and help the immune system

73
Q

What does the PNS have that the CNS doesn’t?

A

Nerves

74
Q

What are the types of cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

75
Q

What do Schwann cells do in the PNS?

A

They mylinate peripheral nerves

76
Q

What do sattilite cells do in the PNS?

A

They provide immune support

77
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

Going toward the brain

78
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A

Bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar

79
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

In afferent sensory organs like the eyes, nose, and ears

80
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

In the hands and feet

81
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found?

A

In the brain

82
Q

What are the sections of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

83
Q

What communicates with the motor cortex?

A

The cerebellum

84
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

The back of the head

85
Q

What takes info from neurons?

A

Dendrites

86
Q

What happens at the synaptic cleft?

A

The presynaptic membrane releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic membrane grabs it

87
Q

What are the parts of the eye?

A

Pupil, cornea, lens, iris

88
Q

What is the nervous tunic of the eye?

A

The retina

89
Q

What is behind the retina?

A

The coroid and sclera

90
Q

What does the optic disk do?

A

It’s where all the nerves leave the eye and it creates a blind spot

91
Q

What are the parts of the outside of the ear?

A

The orical and ear canal

92
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear?

A

Anvil, hammer, stapes

93
Q

What part of the ear has air?

A

The middle ear

94
Q

What part of the ear is connected to the nose?

A

The middle ear

95
Q

What are the parts of the inner ear?

A

Semicircular canals and cochlea

96
Q

What part of the ear is in charge of balance?

A

The semicircular canals

97
Q

What do the semicircular canals do?

A

They help with balance

98
Q

What part of the ear is in charge of hearing?

A

The cochlea

99
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

It produces melatonin

100
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

In brain

101
Q

What does the hypothalamus of the brain do?

A

It releases hormones

102
Q

What does the interior pituitary gland do?

A

It controls oxytocin

103
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

It controls FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin

104
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

By the kidneys

105
Q

What are red blood cells in charge of?

A

Carrying oxygen

106
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Immune stuffs

107
Q

What is the phrase to remember the types of white blood cells?

A

Never let monkeys eat bananas

108
Q

What do basophils do?

A

They ramp up histamine response

109
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Eat bad things

110
Q

What do eocynophils do?

A

They moderate allergic reactions

111
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

It makes new blood cells in the epiphysis

112
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

In the thymus

113
Q

What helps with blood clotting?

A

Fibrin

114
Q

How does blood clot?

A

Blood vessels contract, they clot with platelets, coagulation via fibrin

115
Q

What do blood antibodies do?

A

They attack

116
Q

What create blood types?

A

Antibodies and antigens

117
Q

What are the parts of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve, atriums, bicuspid valve, ventricles

118
Q

What happens when the mitral valve opens?

A

The left valve opens

119
Q

What vein has oxygenated blood?

A

The pulmonary vein

120
Q

What’s the structural difference between veins and arteries?

A

Arteries have a more rigid body

121
Q

What happens when altitude increases?

A

The amount of arethropoeton increases, which then increases the amount of RBCs

122
Q

What’s the normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

123
Q

What does the top number of blood pressure measure?

A

Ventricular contraction

124
Q

What are lymph vessels?

A

Dead ends

125
Q

What in the body is a dead end?

A

Lymph vessels

126
Q

How much mercury is in atmospheric pressure?

A

750 ml

127
Q

What part of respiration is passive?

A

Oxygen transport into aveoli

128
Q

What are the three lines of defense of the immune system?

A

The first is skin/membranes, second is phagocytes, third is antibodies

129
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

B-cells

130
Q

What do B-cells do?

A

They produce antibodies

Anatomy 141 (19 decks)

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