learning objectives 1,2,3 for quiz #1 Flashcards
anatomy
the study of structure or internal workings. dissection/separation of parts
structural organization
atoms molecules organelles cells tissue organ organ system organism
integumentary system
involves hair skin and nails - protects deeper tissues from injury, houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands. synthesis’s vitamin D
skeletal system
bones and joints
supports and protects
provides a frame for muscles to use for movement.
store minerals and create blood cells
muscular system
skeletal muscles
maintains posture and produces movement
(locomotion) produces heat
lymphatic system
red bone marrow, thymus, lymph, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
houses white blood cells (LYMPHOCYTES)
involved in immunity
returns leaked fluids from blood vessels to the blood and disposes debris within the system
respiratory system
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, trachea, lungs
removes CO2 and continually supplies blood with oxygen.
Gaseous exchanges occur in the lungs
digestive system
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum anus
break down food to be absorbed and eliminates indigestible waste
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves
control system of the body
responds to internal and external changes
activates muscles and glands
endocrine system
pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, thymus, ovary, testis, pancreas
glands secrete hormones that regulate many processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction
cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels
the heart pumps blood
blood vessels transport it
blood carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste throughout the body
urinary system
kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
regulates acid- base, electrolyte and water balance of blood
male reproductive system
prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
main function to create off spring
sex hormones and sperm are created in the testis
which are delivered by the ductus deferens and glands
female reproductive system
mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
ovaries produce female sex hormone and eggs
other structures serve as a fertilization site and development
an example of this is mammary glands which produce milk for the new born
anatomical position
when the body is erect, the palms of the hand face forward the thumbs point away from the body and the feet are slightly
what is the key concepts we have covered
tissue - the structure of tissue relates to its function
relating structure to function
superior
also called cranial - toward the head or upper part of the body; above
inferior
away from the head towards the lower part of the body
what two terms are alike in meaning; toward the front of the body
ventral & anterior
anterior
towards or at the front of the body
what two terms are alike in meaning; toward the back of the body
posterior & dorsal
posterior
towards or at the back of the body
medial
toward or at the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
intermediate
between a medial and lateral position
proximal
closer to the origin of the body or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
away from the origin of the body
superficial
toward or at the surface of the body
deep
away from the body surface
what are the two principle body cavities
dorsal cavity
ventral cavity
regions of the body are
axial and appendicular
the axial region makes up which part
the main axis = head, neck, trunk
the appendicular region makes up which part
limbs and appendages attached to the bodies axis
what are the planes of the body
sagittal
transverse
frontal
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left
midsagittal plane
the sagittal plane that lies directly on the midline
the middle of your nose
parasagittal plane
a sagittal plane off set from the midline
frontal plane
also called CORONAL plane lies vertically
divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
transverse plane
a horizontal plane
divides the body into inferior and superior sections (bottom and top)
oblique sections
diagonal cuts made between vertical and horizontal planes - seldom used
what are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity
the cranial cavity - area within the skull and encloses the brain
the spinal cavity - (vertebral) encases the vertebral column and spinal cord
what are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity
the thoracic cavity - which is surrounded by the ribs and muscles in the chest cavity
the pericardial cavity which lies within the mediastinum, it encloses the heart and remaining thoracic organs (trachea, esophagus etc.)
what cavity does the thoracic cavity belong to and how is it sub divided
the thoracic cavity is a branch of the ventral cavity - which sub divides into two parts the LATERAL PLEURAL - which envelope the lungs, and the MEDIASTINUM
what is the inferior division of the ventral cavity called
abdominopelvic cavity, which is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
what are the two subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal - contains the spleen, stomach, liver, intestines
pelvic - (inferior) contains the urinary bladder, the rectum and some reproductive organs
what are the membranes associated with the ventral body cavity
serosa
parietal serosa
serous fluid
visceral serosa
serosa membrane
associated with the ventral body cavity
thin outer covering of organs
parietal serosa
associated with the ventral body cavity
double layer membrane made up of two parts which line the cavity walls
serous fluid
associated with the ventral body cavity
a thick layer of fluid which separates the serous membranes
visceral serosa
associated with the ventral body cavity
covers organs in the cavity
anatomy
how things are built
levels of structural organization
atoms - O C H N
molecules - H2O proteins lipids carbs nucultides
organelles - mitochondria nucleus ribosomes Golgi apparatus cell wall
cells -
tissues - connective, muscular, epithelium, nervous
organ - lungs, stomach etc.
organ system - 11 major
KEY CONCEPT - Tissue
to know how the tissue works prior to everything else
relating structure to function to the tissue
smooth muscles
are in control of involuntary movement
epithelieal tissue
is found in the urinary, respiratory digestive, reproductive and the anus
what is the mediastinum
the space between two lungs contains your heart. the thymus esophagus trachea run through. part of the pericardial cavity
serosa membranes
made of epitheleium
found in cavities that do not open to the outside (pleural cavities, pericardial, abdominal pelvic cavity) parietal layer is a thin covering of the outside lining
pericardium
heart serous membrane
layers are separated by serous fluid
this reduces friction
serous membranes do not see what
the outside , they are also two parts
name which serous membrane goes with which organ or cavity - pericardium , pleural , peritoneum
heart - pericardium
lungs - pleural
abdominopelvic cavity - peritoneum
which systems are mucous membranes found in
digestive
reproductive
urinary
respiratory
what is the function of tissue
tissues are a collection of cells working together for a common function
what are the four types of tissues
epithelial
muscular
connective
nervous
epithelial tissue
covering or lining body cavities
makes up glands
what are the functions for epithelial tissue
protection absorption secretion excretion filtration
general characteristics of epithelial tissue
polarity - different on each surface
regeneration - sluff cells often loosing cells all the time - the ability to divide
lacks blood vessels - needs lots of oxygen and has lots of nerves
cells have to be close fitting - building blocks, barely any interstitial fluid present
what are the different surfaces of epithelial tissue that cause polarity
skin - top - free
bottom - connective tissue - attached
what are the types of epithelial tissue
simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nucleus, most simple, allows material to pass by diffusion( easily due to thinness) an example of this is sacs in the alveoli that allow co2 to diffuse out - also located in the kidneys, blood vessels, and lining of the ventral cavity
simple cuboidal epithelium
used for secretion and absorption
located in your kidneys, ducts and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface - single layer and cube like have a square cell and a large circle nuclei - have a connective base connection
simple columnar epithelium
used for absorption and secretion
located in the digestive tract, gallbladder excretory ducts
single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei - may contain mucous secreting unicellular glands
the study of anatomy is the study of the __________ of the body
structure
in terms of structural organization when you put a collection of _________ together you from a cell
organelle
the structural level which is a key concept is _________
tissue
is the knee proximal or distal to the hip
distal
a section which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is known as a _____________ section
frontal
the dorsal body cavity contains the ___________ and __________ cavities
cranial
vertebral
contained within the mediastinum is the ____________
heart
are serous membranes found in cavities that open to the outside or no?
no serous membranes only are located in cavities that do not open to the outside
the part of the serous membrane which lines the pleural cavity is known as the ___________
parietal pleurae
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells
differing in height
some not reaching the free surface
function is to secrete substanes - mucus move by cillary action, located in noncilliated male sperm, large duct glands, upper respiratory tract
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers - thick membrane composed of several layers become flat at top
function is to protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
located in moist lining of a the esophagus, mouth, vagina, epidermis of the skin
transitional epithelium
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
function to stretch rapidly permits stored urine to distend urinary organs
located in the lining of the uterus, bladder, and part of the epidermis
glands
are made of epithelial tissue cells, or a collection secreating something can be uni or multi cellular
unicellular glands
goblet cells producing mucous, found in simple columnar or pseudo stratified
multicellular glands
horomones, sweat, etc, endocrine glands which secreate to blood and exocrine glands which secreate everything else.
if the gland reaches the surface what must it have
a duct
what are the 6 major types of epithelial tissues
simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple columnar epithelium pseudo stratified epithelium stratified squamous epithelium transitional epithelium
general characteristics for connective tissues
all derivived from a common embyronyhnic tissue called MESENCHYME
have many different, spaced out cells
lots of extracellular matrix (h2O and protein)
within the matrix there will be lots of fluids and lots of fibres
blood vessels will be present - few to many
osteoblast
bone cells
fibroblast
make tissues
chondroblast
cartridge
what fibres are present in connective tissues
collagen - resists forces in one direction - very strong
reticular fibre - protein used for support
elastic fibre - stretching comes back to original form
types of connective tissues
loose connective tissue - areolar
connective tissue proper loose connective tissue - adipose
connective tissue proper loose connective tissue - reticular
connective tissue proper dense connective tissue - dense regular
connective tissue proper dense connective tissue - dense irregular
elastic dense connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue
elastic dense connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue
contains a high proportion of elastic fibres, allows tissue to recoil after stretching maintains flow of blood through arteries (where it is located)
what is the matrix cell made by
fibroblasts which are made by cells without this there is no cell to preform any function - located under the surface of your skin
loose connective tissue - areolar
description - gel like matrix with 3 types of fibres - fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells
function - wraps and cushions organs
macrophages, bacteria and phagocytes play a large role in inflammation
holds and conveys tissue fluids
location - wildly distributed, under epithelial of the body
forms lamina proprea of mucus membranes
packages organs and surrounds capillaries
connective tissue, proper loose, adipose
description - matrix very sparse with closely packed cells
fat cells have nucleus pushed to the side, large droplets
function - provides a reserve for food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs
location - under the skin in subcutaneous tissue, around kidneys and eyeballs with in abdomen and in breasts
- ** excellent blood supply ***
- under the skin is the best example **
connective tissue, proper loose, reticular
description - network of reticular fibres in a typical loose ground substance
cells lie on the network - reticular cells
function - fibres from a soft internal skeletal - stroma that support other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells and microphages
location - lymphoid organs
connective tissue, proper dense, regular
description - primarily parallel collagen fibres - few elastic fibres the major cell type is fibroblasts function - attaches muscles to bone or to muscles with strands of great tensile strength, pulling force in one direction location -tendons most ligaments - shoulder joint
connective tissue, proper dense, irregular
description - primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibres some elastic fibres. major cell type is fibroblasts function - withstands tension in many directions provides structural strength location - fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin submucosa and or digestive tract
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibro
hyaline cartilage
anamorphous but has a firm thick matrox
collagen fibers present from an impreceptale network
chondroblasts produce the matrix when chondrocytes lie in lacucne
support and reinforce
serves as a resilient cushion
resists compressive stress
located in the ends of bones
elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline has more elastic fibres retains shape - allowing flexibility can visibly see elastic collagen supports external ear
fibro cartilage
matrix similar to hyaline but less firm thick collagen fibres tensile strength allow it to absorb compressive shock compress nicely located in intervertebral discs
what are the membranes
serous
mucus
cutaneous
synovial
where are synovial membranes found
in joints - made of connective tissue
serous membranes
line cavities that do not open to the outside
cover organs (pericardial, pleural)
made of simple squamous epithelium
which sits on the loose areolar connective tissue
mucus membranes
line organs or cavities that open to the outside - urinary, reproductive, respiratory and digestive systems
made of epithelium
cutaneous membranes
skin
made of epithelial tissue
sitting on connective tissue
where does the epidermis lay
above the dermis
where does the dermis lay
below the epidermis
what is the epidermis made up of
stratified squamous epithelium
what are the 4 layer types that are found within the epidermis
stratum coreneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
what are the
keratinocytes
melanocytes
dendritic cells
tactile cells
keratinocytes
made of keratin - hair, nails
melanocytes
produce melanin - deeper in the epidermis - protect from the sun
dendritic cells
blood cells - produced in bone marrow, antigen presenting cells - protection from germs - chop it up and show it off to wbc - the first line of contact and will alert the rest of the body
tactile cells
sensory - nervous cells - also called merkel cell
what are not in our skin and why
no nerves or blood cells due to thin ness and we would bleed more then we could afford to
merkel cells do what
allow you to feel things
epidermis =
epithelial =
stratified squamous epithelium
has four different cell types and four different layer types
stratum basale
the lowest level
they divide one goes up and one goes down
cells that go up make hairs glands and hair follicles
single layer thick
stratum spinosum
2nd from the bottom
several layers thick (3-5)
keratinocytes are starting to make pre keratin - thick bundles
stratum granulosum
2nd from the top
up to 5 layers thick
grainy kertain granules filling cells
cella are starting to discenegrate
stratum corenum
top layer
20-30 layers of dead cells
flat filled with keratin
glycolipids in extracellular space
if there is an extra layer of tissue in the epidermis what is it called and what does it look like
lucidam - provides protection often in hands and feet due to needed coverage for extra wear and tear
cells are transparent and clear but can appear white at the surface at times
dermis
lower level of the skin - much thicker then the epidermis
split into two layers papillary layer and reticular level
what are the two layers of the dermis
papillary - layer is made up of loose areaolar makes up the top layer of the dermis
reticular layer is made up of dense irregular and is the bottom layer
where are glands made
dermis
