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Anatomy 141 > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Describe the anatomical differences between:

Skeletal Muscles

Smooth Muscles

Cardiac Muscles

A

Describe the anatomical differences between:

  • Skeletal muscles- muscle attached to bone through its tendon, under voluntary control
  • Smooth muscles- found in hollow structures of the body like the intestines; cannot be influenced at will
  • Cardiac muscles- muscle found only in the heart
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2
Q

Which of the 3 muscle types are under voluntary & involuntary (autonomic nervous system) control?

A

Skeletal: voluntary, striated, multinucleated
Smooth: involuntary, nonstriated and uninucleated
Cardiac: involuntary, striated and uninucleated

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3
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found?

A

Cardiac muscles are found in the heart

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4
Q

Explain the current concept of muscle contraction based on three factors: neuroelectrical, chemical, and energy sources.

A

Watch video on this

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5
Q

elevation

A

raising a part of the body

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6
Q

flexion

A

bending or decreasing the angle between bone

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7
Q

pronation

A

moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel

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8
Q

eversion

A

moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

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9
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Muscle Tone is defined as a property of muscle in which a steady or constant state of partial contraction is maintained in a muscle.

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10
Q

Compare isotonic and isometric contractions

A
  1. Isotonic contraction- contraction in which tone or tension remains the same as the muscle becomes shorter and thicker.
  2. Isometric activity contraction in which a muscle remains at a constant length while tension against the muscle increases
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11
Q

Describe 3 different inflammatory muscle or joint conditions.

A
  1. TENDINITIS-
  2. PLANTAR FASCIITIS-
  3. MYOSITIS-
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12
Q

.TENDINITIS-

A

TENDINITIS- inflammation of a tendon.

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13
Q

PLANTAR FASCIITIS-

A

PLANTAR FASCIITIS- an inflammation of the connective tissue (fascia) that is part of the arches of the foot.

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14
Q

MYOSITIS-

A

MYOSITIS- inflammation of muscular tissue.

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15
Q
  1. Name the 2 major divisions of the nervous system.
A
  1. central nervous system

2. periphreal nervous system

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16
Q

the central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Identify the two subcategories of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and their components.

A
  1. Sensory (afferent)

2. Motor (efferent)

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18
Q

Identify the two subcategories of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and their components.:
sensory components

A

1

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19
Q

Sensory neuron

A

a neuron in contact with receptors; it detects changes in the external environment; also called afferent neuron

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20
Q

Internuncial neurons

A

transmit the sensory impulse to the appropriate part of the brain or spinal cord for interpretation and processing; also known as association neurons

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21
Q

Motor neuron

A

Motor neuron neuron that connects with muscles or glands to bring about a reaction to a stimulus; also called efferent neuron

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22
Q

Explain how a neuron transmits a nerve impulse.

A

the all or none principle a nerve cell will either fire or not fire once the impulse begins it will continue down the cell.

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23
Q

impulse conduction in myelinated nerve fibers

A

myelinated surface prevents ion flow from the insulated membrane

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24
Q

impulse conduction unmyelinated nerve fibers

A

unmyelinated fiber conducts an impulse over its entire surface

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25
Q

how depressants act on the CNS.

A
  1. mellow
  2. slow body function
  3. supports neural activity
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26
Q

how stimulants act on the CNS

A

1 speed up body function

  1. excite neural activity
  2. increase self-confidence
  3. mood changes
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27
Q

how hallucinogens act on the CNS.

A
  1. distort perception

2. evoke sensory images

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28
Q

List the main parts of the brain.

A
  1. Brainstem
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Cerebrum
  4. Cerebellum
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29
Q

List the protections of the brain

A
  1. Cranial bones
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
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30
Q

List the VENTRICLES of the brain

A
  1. 4 Ventricles

2. Interventricular foramen

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31
Q

dura mater

A

the outermost spinal or cranial meninx

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32
Q

arachnoid mater,

A

the middle spinal or cranial meninx

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33
Q

(DAP)

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia Mater
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34
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Olfactory nerve l

A

conveys impulses related to smell

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35
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Optic nerve II

A

Optic nerve II conveys impulses related to sight

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36
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Oculomotor nerve III

A

Oculomotor nerve III controls movements of the eyeball and upper eyelid and conveys impulses related to muscle sense

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37
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Trochlear nerve IV

A

Trochlear nerve IV controls the movement of the eyeball and conveys impulses related to muscle sense

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38
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Trigeminal nerve V

A

Trigeminal nerve V

largest of the cranial nerves; controls chewing movements

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39
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Abducens nerve VI

A

Abducens nerve VI

controls movement of the eyeball

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40
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Facial nerve VII

A

controls the muscles of facial expression and conveys sensations related to taste

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41
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII transmits impulses related to equilibrium and hearing

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42
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

A

controls swallowing and carries taste impulses

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43
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Vagus nerve X

A

Vagus nerve X controls skeletal muscle movements in the pharynx, larynx, and palate

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44
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Accessory nerve XI

A

Accessory nerve XI helps control swallowing and movements of the head

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45
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Hypoglossal nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal nerve XII controls the muscles involved in speech and swallowing; its sensory fibers conduct impulses for muscle sense

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46
Q
  1. a) List the two subcategories of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
A
  1. sensory Neurons

2. Motor neurons

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47
Q

Sensory neurons of the autonomic nervous system

A

sensory information from visceral organs to central nervous system.

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48
Q

Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system

A

motor impulses from central nervous system to smooth muscles cardiac muscles and glands

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49
Q

List the two subcategories of the Somatic nervous system

A
  1. sensory neurons

2. motor neurons

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50
Q

sensory neurons of the somatic nervous system

A

sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to central nervous system

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51
Q

Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system

A

Motor impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles

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52
Q

parts of the eyes

A
  1. Sclera (outermost)
  2. Choroid (2nd layer)
  3. Ciliary Body & Muscle:
  4. Iris:
  5. Inner Fluid Compartments:
  6. Retina (innermost layer)
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53
Q

parts of the ear

A
  1. Outer ear
  2. Middle ear
  3. Inner ear
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54
Q

parts of the sense of smell

A
  1. Bipolar sensory neurons
  2. Olfactory bulbs
  3. olfactory cortex
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55
Q

Rods in the eye

A

Rods- night vision

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56
Q

Cones in the eye?

A

Cones- light & color

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57
Q
  1. Conditions that harm the CNS by through vascular changes.

Cerebrovascular Accident (AKA Stroke)

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (AKA Stroke)- caused by a 1) clot or thrombus in a blood vessel, 2) hemorrhage in tissue, or 3) vasospasm (constriction of a cerebral blood vessel)

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58
Q
  1. Conditions that harm the CNS by through vascular changes.

Aneurysm (“Ballooning”)

A

Aneurysm (“Ballooning”)- an enlargement or dilation of a blood vessel wall.
If it bursts -> Often leads to a Hemorrhage

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59
Q

Describe two examples of Inflammatory Conditions that harm the CNS.

Meningitis

A

Meningitis- an inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection.
SYMPTOMS: Headache, Fever, and a Stiff neck;
If viral, can ALSO cause Paralysis, Coma, and Death

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60
Q

Describe two examples of Inflammatory Conditions that harm the CNS.

Encephalitis

A

Encephalitis- an inflammation of brain tissue usually caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.
SYMPTOMS: coma, fever, and convulsions and could result in death

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61
Q

Describe two examples of Conditions that harm the CNS, impairing movement

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Parkinson’s Disease-caused by damage to basal nuclei, resulting in dopamine deficiency.
SYMPTOMS: Resting hand tremors, Slow, shuffling walk, Rigid muscle movements

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62
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

maintaining the body’s internal environment

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63
Q

What is the primary type of feedback which regulates the endocrine system?

A

negative feedback loop

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64
Q

What is the name of the master gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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65
Q
  1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
    a) Aldosterone
A

high blood pressure

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66
Q
  1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
    b) Melatonin
A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

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67
Q
  1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
    c) Prolactin
A
  1. May cause a decrease in male sex hormones
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68
Q
  1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
    d) Insulin
A

Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)

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69
Q
  1. Describe a condition that affects the body due to hormone imbalance of:
    e) Thyroid hormones
A
  1. HYPERTHYROIDISM

2. HYPOTHYROIDISM

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70
Q

Explain the current concept of muscle contraction based on neuroelectrical factors.

A

Concentration of electrolytes:
Na+ higher on outside
K+ higher on inside

Resting potential: charge outside positive and inside negative
Action (Electrical) Potential:
rush of Na+ inside cell
AKA “Depolarization”

Repolarization:
K+ moves outside cell attempting to balance change in charges

Depolarization:
Initiated by Calcium’s release
The inhibitory proteins’ (Troponin and tropomyosin) action inhibited
Activated myosin filaments links to actin filaments
“Power Stroke”

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71
Q

Explain the current concept of muscle contraction based on chemical interactions

A

Depolarization:
Myosin heads contain ATP
ATP releases energy upon myosin/action link
Energy released used to pull action
Repolarization:
“Sodium: potassium” pump pumps sodium outside the cell
Resting potential restored

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72
Q

Explain the current concept of muscle contraction based on energy sources.

A

ATP: energy source for muscle contraction

ATP production: primarily from glucose via cellular respiration:
Glycolysis
Krebs citric acid cycle
Electron transport

Alternate sources: fatty acids and phosphocreatine

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73
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

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74
Q

Describe two examples of Conditions that harm the CNS, impairing movement

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-

A 
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)- progressive demyelination of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
SYMPTOMS: Muscle weakness, Double vision, Vertigo, abnormal reflexes, and occasionally difficulty in urination.
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75
Q

Describe two examples of Conditions that harm the CNS, impairing movement

Cerebral Palsy-

A

Cerebral Palsy- caused by brain damage during brain development or the birth process.
SYMPTOMS: Muscle spasms & Tremors, poor Body Balance, Awkward movements, Head tossing, & Flailing arms, Impaired speaking & swallowing.

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76
Q

parts of the brain stem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
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77
Q

parts of Diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

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78
Q

parts of the meninges

A
  1. Epidural Space
  2. Dura Mater
  3. Subdural Space
  4. Arachnoid Mater
  5. Subarachnoid Space
  6. Pia Mater
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79
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found

A

Inside the subarachnoid space

80
Q

VENTRICLES

A

VENTRICLES- Spaces where CSF is produced and circulated

81
Q

Parts of the VENTRICLES

A
  1. 4 Ventricles

2. Interventricular foramen

82
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

Interventricular foramen- connects the Lateral Ventricles with the
3rd Ventricle

83
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Cerebral Aqueduct- connects the 3rd & 4th Ventricles

84
Q

Midbrain

A
  1. Ventral cerebral peduncles: convey impulses from cortex to pons and spinal cord
  2. Dorsal tectum: reflex center
  3. Controls movement of head and eyeball (visual stimuli)
  4. Controls movement of head and trunk (auditory stimuli)
85
Q

Pons varolii

A
  1. Connects spinal cord with brain
  2. Connects parts of brain with each other
  3. Helps control breathing
86
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  1. Ascending and descending tracts
  2. Connect spinal cord with the brain
  3. Some tracts cross over in medulla
  4. Reticular formation: controls consciousness
  5. Reflex centers
87
Q

Diencephalon:

A
  1. Optic Tracts
  2. Mammillary bodies
  3. Thalamus
  4. Epithalamus
  5. Houses Pineal gland
  6. Hypothalamus
88
Q

Optic tracts:

A

Optic tracts: Visual Relay System

89
Q

Mammillary bodies:

A

Mammillary bodies: Memory and emotional responses

90
Q

Thalamus

A
  1. Relay station for sensory impulses

2. Interpretation center for pain, temperature and touch

91
Q

Epithalamus:

A

Epithalamus: contains Pineal gland

92
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

Hypothalamus: Homeostasis
Controls and integrates autonomic nervous system
Receives sensory impulses from internal organs
Controls the Pituitary gland (linked via the Infundibulum) and links endocrine and nervous systems

93
Q

Cerebral cortex:

A

Cerebral cortex: gray matter surface

94
Q

Longitudinal fissure:

A

Longitudinal fissure: separates two hemispheres

95
Q

Gyri:

A

Gyri: folds

96
Q

Sulci:

A

Sulci: grooves

97
Q

Corpus callosum:

A

Corpus callosum: bridge connecting two hemispheres

98
Q

parts of The Cerebrum

A
  1. Cerebral cortex:
  2. Longitudinal fissure:
  3. Gyri:
  4. Sulci:
  5. Corpus callosum:
  6. Surface of the cortex
99
Q

Surface of the cortex

A
  1. Motor areas- control muscular movements
  2. Sensory areas- interpret sensory impulses
  3. Association areas- process emotions and intellect
100
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebral hemispheres

  1. Frontal lobe:
  2. Parietal lobe:
  3. Temporal lobe:
  4. Occipital lobe: vision
101
Q

The frontal lobe of the cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe: muscle movement, moods, aggression, smell, motivation

102
Q

the Parietal lobe of the cerebrum

A

Parietal lobe: touch, pain, balance, taste, temperature

103
Q

The temporal lobe of the cerebrum

A

Temporal lobe: hearing, smell, memory, abstract thought, judgment

104
Q

The occipital lobe of the cerebrum

A

Occipital lobe: vision

105
Q

The Cerebellum: Structure

A
  1. Butterfly-shaped

2. Two partially separated hemispheres connected by vermis

106
Q

The Cerebellum: function

A
  1. Reflex center in coordinating complex skeletal muscular movements
  2. Maintaining posture
  3. Maintaining balance
107
Q

The Sense of Sight

A
  1. Eyes protected by eyelids and eyelashes
  2. Tears
    - Lubricate the eyes
    - Contain bacteriolytic lysozyme enzyme
    - Contain salt and gamma globulin
108
Q

Sclera (outermost)

A

Cornea- clear, outer lining that permits light to enter eye

Conjunctiva- mucous membrane lining.

109
Q

Choroid (2nd layer)

A
  1. Blood vessels

2. Pigment cells

110
Q

Retina (innermost)

A
  1. Contains light sensitive cells:
  2. Cones
  3. Rods
111
Q

Ciliary Body & Muscle:

A

Holds lens in place.

112
Q

Iris:

A

Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

113
Q

Inner Fluid Compartments:

A

Aqueous humor
Anterior
Vitreous humor
Posterior

114
Q

Retina (innermost layer)

A 
Contains light sensitive cells:
Rods- night vision
Cones- light & color vision
Fovea centralis
Optic Disc (blind spot)
Where optic nerves leave the eye
115
Q

parts of the Outer ear

A
  1. Auricle (pinna):
  2. External auditory meatus
  3. Tympanic membrane: (ear drum)
116
Q

Auricle (pinna):

A

Auricle (pinna): external, visible, flexible part of the ear

117
Q

External auditory meatus

A

External auditory meatus of the ear
Lined with hair and ceruminous glands
Produces cerumen

118
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Tympanic membrane: (ear drum)

vibrates in response to sound

119
Q

parts of the Middle ear

A
  1. 3 Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes
  2. Openings:
  3. Eustachian tube
120
Q

Middle ear transmits what to where?

A

Middle ear (transmits vibrations to the inner ear):

121
Q

names of the 3 Auditory ossicles

A

3 Auditory ossicles:

  1. malleus,
  2. incus
  3. and stapes
122
Q

Openings of the middle ear

A

Openings: oval and round windows

123
Q

what does the eustachian tube do?

A

Eustachian tube: equalizes pressure

124
Q

parts of the inner ear

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. Vestibule
  3. Semicircular canals
125
Q

the part of the inner ear that helps with hearing

A

Hearing: Cochlea

126
Q

parts of the inner ear that help with balance or equilibrium

A

Equilibrium
Static: 1. Vestibule
Kinetic: 2. Semicircular canals

127
Q

Taste buds on tongue

A
  1. palate

2. pharynx

128
Q

Taste bud cell types

A
  1. Exterior capsule: epithelial cells

2. Interior: taste cells

129
Q

Taste depends on what?

A

Taste depends on chemicals dissolved in saliva

130
Q

Taste is influenced by what

A

Taste is influenced by olfactory sensations

131
Q

stages of the sense of smell

A
  1. Molecules in air dissolve in nasal mucus
  2. Bipolar sensory neurons transfer chemical impulse
  3. Olfactory bulbs receive impulse
  4. Impulse sent to olfactory cortex
  5. Odor variety dependent on brain interpretation
132
Q

Valium

A

Valium
Low Doses: Relieves tension

High Doses: Drowsiness, Sedation, and Loss of any pain sensations

133
Q

Opiates (i.e. Codeine and Heroin)

A

Opiates (i.e. Codeine and Heroin)

Sedatives and Analgesics; Euphoria

Overuse: coma, convulsions, and respiratory problems that could lead to death

134
Q

Marijuana

A

Marijuana- from hemp plant; produces Euphoria

135
Q

Hashish-

A

Hashish- more potent cousin of marijuana (come from different part of the hemp plant)

produces Euphoria AND alters the perception of time and space.

Overuse: Hallucinations, Respiratory Problems

136
Q

Cocaine

A

Cocaine
Euphoria (quick)
Overuse: Changes in personality, seizures, and death (from stroke or abnormal rhythms of the heart)

137
Q

LSD

A

LSD

Heightened & Exaggerated 5 senses

138
Q

Amphetamines

A

Amphetamines- Over-stimulate postsynaptic neurons:
Euphoria, Muscle spasms, restlessness, rapid heartbeat, & hypertension
Overuse: Death (from respiratory or heart failure)

139
Q

LSD

A

LSD
Heightened & Exaggerated 5 senses
A Stimulant

140
Q

Anabolic Steroids

A

Act like the male sex hormones
Cause skeletal muscle cells to increase in size
Overuse:
negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus of the brain and the pituitary gland
In sex hormones
decrease In testes size & sterility
Liver Problems
Heart Disease
Anger

141
Q

pia mater

A

the innermost spinal or cranial meninx

142
Q

Pituitary Gland s

F.L.A.T P.i.G. M. A. O

A 
ANTERIOR Pituitary:
F- FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
P- Prolactin
i- stands for nothing 
G- GH (Growth Hormone)
M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)

POSTERIOR Pituitary:
A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)
O- Oxytocin

143
Q

ANTERIOR Pituitary:

A 
ANTERIOR Pituitary:
F- FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
P- Prolactin
i- stands for nothing 
G- GH (Growth Hormone)
M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)
144
Q

POSTERIOR Pituitary:

A

POSTERIOR Pituitary:
A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)
O- Oxytocin

145
Q

F- FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

Target:

A

Target: Ovaries, Testes

146
Q

F- FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

Function

A

Stimulates ovarian follicle & sperm cell production

147
Q

L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Target

A

Ovaries, Testes

148
Q

L- LH (Luteinizing Hormone

Function

A

Stimulates ovulation and progesterone & testosterone production

149
Q

A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)

Target

A

Adrenal Gland Cortex

150
Q

A- ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)

Function

A

Stimulates Adrenal Gland

151
Q

T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Target

A

Thyroid Gland

152
Q

T- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Function

A

Stimulates Adrenal Gland

153
Q

P- Prolactin

target

A

Mammary Gland

154
Q

P- Prolactin

function

A

Milk production

155
Q

Growth Hormone

target

A

Bone, Muscles, Liver, Tissues

156
Q

G- GH (Growth hormone function)

A

Promote cell metabolism & growth

157
Q

M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)

target

A

Melanocytes

158
Q

M- MSH (Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone)

function

A

Stimulates Melanocytes

159
Q

A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)

target

160
Q

A- ADH (Anti- Diuretic Hormone)

function

A

Reabsorb water

161
Q

o-oxytocin

target

A
  • Mammary Gland

- Uterus

162
Q

o-oxytocin

function

A

Lactation, Uterus contraction

163
Q

Hormones of the thyroid gland

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4):
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3):
  3. Calcitonin:
164
Q

Thyroxine (T4):

A

Thyroxine (T4): metabolism

165
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3):

A

Triiodothyronine (T3): metabolism

166
Q

Calcitonin:

A

Calcitonin: regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration

167
Q

Hormones of the parathyroid gland

A

parathormone (PTH)

168
Q

parathormone (PTH)

A

PTH stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate

169
Q

Adrenal Gland Hormones

A

Adrenal medulla hormones:

  1. Epinephrine
  2. Norepinephrine

Adrenal cortex hormones:

  1. Glucocorticoids (steroids)
    i. e. Cortisol
  2. Mineralocorticoids
    i. e. Aldosterone
  3. Androgens
    i. e. Testosterone
170
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones:

A

Adrenal medulla hormones:

  1. Epinephrine
  2. Norepinephrine
171
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones:

A

Adrenal cortex hormones:

  1. Glucocorticoids (steroids)
    i. e. Cortisol
  2. Mineralocorticoids
    i. e. Aldosterone
  3. Androgens
    i. e. Testosterone
172
Q

Pancreas hormones

A
  1. insulin

2. glucagon

173
Q

Islets of Langerhans Cells:

A
  1. Beta cells: insulin production

2. Alpha cells: glucagon production

174
Q

Testes hormone

A

Testosterone

175
Q

Testes: Testosterone

A

Testes: Testosterone
Development of male reproduction structures
Development of male sex characteristics

176
Q

Ovaries hormones

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

177
Q

Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone

A

Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone
Development of female reproductive organs
Development of female sex characteristics
Control menstrual cycle

178
Q

Thymus gland hormone

179
Q

Importance of the Thymus gland and its hormone thymosin

A

Important for T-cell production (Immune Response)

180
Q

The thymus gland does what as we age?

A

Thymus shrinks as we age

181
Q

The thymus gland is located where?

A

Located behind the sternum

182
Q

The Pineal Gland Hormones

A
  1. Melatonin

2. serotonin

183
Q

the pineal gland is located where?

A

Located in the brain near the thalamus

184
Q

Melatonin

A

Melatonin
Inhibits reproductive functions
Regulates body rhythms
Circadian Rhythm

185
Q

Serotonin

A

Serotonin: neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor

Stimulates smooth muscle contractions

186
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Due to overproduction of melatonin (and decreased serotonin) that occurs in climate zones that have cloudy winter months with little bright sunshine (i.e. The state Washington)
Type of DEPRESSION
Treatment: Bright Light, Medications, &/ or Psychotherapy

187
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)

A

Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)
or no insulin
Hyperglycemia, hyperglucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia
Tx: Drugs that decrease blood sugar; Insulin (if severe)

188
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys)

A

Diabetes Insipidus (Kidneys)
or no Anti- diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Polyuria & polydipsia leading to SEVERE DEHYDRATION
Tx: ADH

189
Q

HYPERTHYROIDISM

A 
HYPERTHYROIDISM 
    (Excessive Thyroid Hormones)
Weight loss, fatigue, palpitations of the heart, nervousness, and slight tremors in the hands
Graves Disease 
Above symptoms PLUS:
     - Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
     - Exophthalmos 
      (abnormal protrusion of the eyes)
Tx: Radioactive Iodine and other medications
190
Q

HYPOTHROIDISM

A

HYPOTHROIDISM
(Thyroid Hormones Deficiency)
KIDS: Cretinism (mental retardation & growth)
ADULTS: metabolism -> Chronic fatigue & Weight Gain; Myxedema (an accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues)
Tx: Thyroid hormones

191
Q

Where are smooth muscles found

A
  1. blood vessel walls
  2. stomach
  3. small intestine
  4. large intestine
  5. bladder
192
Q

Where are skeletal muscles found

A

Skeletal muscles are found in muscles that attach bone

193
Q

What are the anatomical terms for muscle movement (elevation) and examples of muscles that perform each action on the bone to which it is attached

194
Q

Isotonic contraction

A
  1. Isotonic contraction- contraction in which tone or tension remains the same as the muscle becomes shorter and thicker.
195
Q

. Isometric activity

A

. Isometric activity contraction in which a muscle remains at a constant length while tension against the muscle increases

196
Q

Which of the 3 muscle types are under voluntary control?

197
Q

Which of the 3 muscle types are under involuntary control?

A
  1. smooth

2. cardiac

Anatomy 141 (19 decks)

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