Study guide questions 1-2 Flashcards
The location of the head relative to the thorax (chest)
SUPERIOR
The location of the hand to the elbow
DISTAL
The location of the thumb to the forefinger
LATERAL
The location of the eye to the tip of the nose
SUPEROLATERAL
Movement of the mandible when closing the mouth
ELEVATION
Turning the head to look to the left
LATERAL ROTATION
Tipping the head back as far as it will go
EXTENSION (of the neck)
Shrugging the shoulders up towards the ears.
ELEVATION
What types of body planes would: pass vertically through the head touching both ears
CORONAL (or FRONTAL)
What types of body planes would:Pass directly down the midline of the body
MID-SAGITTAL (or MEDIAN)
Compare the freedom and types of movements you can achieve in the vertebral column (spine), lower jaw, and skull bones. Can you determine based on movement the types of joints that might provide the basis for these movements?
SKULL BONES ARE HELD TIGHTLY TOGETHER BY SUTURE JOINTS SO THEY BARELY MOVE AT ALL, WHILE YOU CAN EASILY OPEN AND CLOSE YOUR MANDIBLE, AND SLIDE IT FROM SIDE TO SIDE. SO THIS IS A VERY MOBILE SYNOVIAL JOINT. YOU DON’T NEED TO KNOW THE TYPE OF JOINTS FOUND IN THE SPINE, BUT YOU KNOW FROM YOUR OWN MOVEMENTS THAT WE CAN FLEX/EXTEND THE SPINE AND ROTATE IT
1=Parietal bone
2=sphenoid bone
3=temporal bone
4=zygomatic arch (temporal bone is acceptable here too, this process is part of the temporal bone)
5=condyle (of mandible)
6=occipital bone
9=mastoid process (this big chunky process can be easily felt behind your ear)
10=styloid process (this process is easily identified – it looks sharp and pointy like a stylus pen)
12=coronoid process (of mandible)
13=ramus (of mandible)
14=angle of
1=Parietal bone
2=sphenoid bone
3=temporal bone
4=zygomatic arch (temporal bone is acceptable here too, this process is part of the temporal bone)
5=condyle (of mandible)
6=occipital bone
9=mastoid process (this big chunky process can be easily felt behind your ear)
10=styloid process (this process is easily identified – it looks sharp and pointy like a stylus pen)
12=coronoid process (of mandible)
13=ramus (of mandible)
14=angle of mandible
15=hyoid bone (the approximate location of the hyoid bone is shown, it is held in place by ligaments and muscles)
19=maxilla
20=zygomatic bone
21=nasal bone
26=frontal bone
mandible
15=hyoid bone (the approximate location of the hyoid bone is shown, it is held in place by ligaments and muscles)
19=maxilla
20=zygomatic bone
21=nasal bone
26=frontal bone
What is a foramen and what is the general function of a foramen?
FORAMEN IS A HOLE IN A BONE. ITS FUNCTION IS TO ALLOW NERVES AND/OR BLOOD VESSELS TO PASS THROUGH (note that the term FORAMEN is singular, FORAMINA is plural)
What is the general function of a bony process?
MUSCLE OR LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT
What is a paranasal sinus, and name two of their functions
AN AIRSPACE IN THE SKULL ADJACENT TO THE NASAL CAVITY. TWO FUNCTIONS ARE VOICE RESONANCE AND REDUCING SKULL WEIGHT
Name the 12 cranial nerves
Oh Oh Oh To Touch Aand Feel VirginGirls Vaginas Ah Heaven
(Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducent Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal)
What are the two major branches of the left and right common carotid
arteries?
INTERNAL CAROTID AND EXTERNAL CAROTID
In what way/s do the arterial blood vessels to the left and right sides of the head and neck differ?
ON THE LEFT, THE FIRST MAJOR BRANCH OFF THE AORTA IS THE LEFT COMMON CAROTID, BUT ON THE RIGHT THE FIRST BRANCH IS THE BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK – THE RIGHT COMMON CAROTID COMES OFF THIS.
Venous blood from the left superficial structures of the head will drain into which blood vessel?
LEFT EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
Describe the parts of the heart and the major blood vessels through which venous blood in the right atrium of the heart can end up supplying arterial blood to the tongue.
HEART HAS 4 CHAMBERS – THE LEFT ATRIUM, RIGHT ATRIUM, LEFT VENTRICLE, AND RIGHT VENTRICLE. VENOUS BLOOD ENTERS THE RIGHT ATRIUM THROUGH THE VENA CAVA, IT FLOWS INTO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE, THEN INTO THE PULMONARY ARTERY, THROUGH THE LUNGS WHERE IT IS OXYGENATED. IT RETURNS TO THE HEART VIA THE PULMONARY VEIN, ENTERS THE LEFT ATRIUM, LEFT VENTRICLE, AND AORTA. FROM THE AORTA, ARTERIAL BLOOD TRAVELS INTO THE LEFT AND RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES, LEFT AND RIGHT EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES, AND EVENTUALLY THE LINGUAL ARTERY WHICH SUPPLIES BLOOD TO THE TONGUE.
Draw a line diagram to represent the major arteries and veins that supply and drain the head and neck.
Draw a tree diagram summarising the major divisions of the peripheral nervous system. You should clearly understand the types of information carried by nerve fibres in each division, and the direction in which information travels along these nerve fibres (to or from the central nervous system).
Which muscle is the only one used during quiet respiration?
DIAPHRAGM
During forced respiration, the ribs move just like the handles on a bucket. Describe what this bucket handle motion achieves in terms of respiration
AS THE RIBS ARE ELEVATED DURING INSPIRATION (LIKE A BUCKET HANDLE BEING LIFTED FROM A RESTING POSITION), THE OUTERMOST POINT OF THE CURVED RIB MOVES FURTHER FROM THE BODY’S MIDLINE. THIS MEANS THAT THE LATERAL (SIDEWAYS) DIMENSION OF THE THORAX EXPANDS, INCREASING OVERALL VOLUME INSIDE THE THORAX AND REDUCING PRESSURE ON THE LUNGS, ALLOWING AIR TO FLOW IN. THUS THE BUCKET HANDLE MOTION IS RESPONSIBLE SPECIFICALLY FOR INCREASING THE LATERAL DIMENSION OF THE THORAX. IN REVERSE, AS WE BREATHE OUT THE RIBS ARE LOWERED, AS WOULD HAPPEN WHEN WE LET GO OF A BUCKET HANDLE. THE OUTERMOST CURVATURE POINT OF THE RIBS SWINGS BACK TOWARDS THE BODY’S MIDLINE, DECREASING THE LATERAL THORAX DIMENSIONS, INCREASING THORACIC PRESSURE AND FORCING AIR OUT OF THE LUNGS. YOU CAN FEEL THESE MOVEMENTS BY PLACING YOUR PALMS FLAT ON THE SIDE OF YOUR THORAX AND TAKING VERY DEEP BREATHS IN AND OUT.
