Study guide questions 1-2

Question 1

The location of the head relative to the thorax (chest)

Answer 1

SUPERIOR

Question 2

The location of the hand to the elbow

Answer 2

DISTAL

Question 3

The location of the thumb to the forefinger

Answer 3

LATERAL

Question 4

The location of the eye to the tip of the nose

Answer 4

SUPEROLATERAL

Question 5

Movement of the mandible when closing the mouth

Answer 5

ELEVATION

Question 6

Turning the head to look to the left

Answer 6

LATERAL ROTATION

Question 7

Tipping the head back as far as it will go

Answer 7

EXTENSION (of the neck)

Question 8

Shrugging the shoulders up towards the ears.

Answer 8

ELEVATION

Question 9

What types of body planes would: pass vertically through the head touching both ears

Answer 9

CORONAL (or FRONTAL)

Question 10

What types of body planes would:Pass directly down the midline of the body

Answer 10

MID-SAGITTAL (or MEDIAN)

Question 11

Compare the freedom and types of movements you can achieve in the vertebral column (spine), lower jaw, and skull bones. Can you determine based on movement the types of joints that might provide the basis for these movements?

Answer 11

SKULL BONES ARE HELD TIGHTLY TOGETHER BY SUTURE JOINTS SO THEY BARELY MOVE AT ALL, WHILE YOU CAN EASILY OPEN AND CLOSE YOUR MANDIBLE, AND SLIDE IT FROM SIDE TO SIDE. SO THIS IS A VERY MOBILE SYNOVIAL JOINT. YOU DON’T NEED TO KNOW THE TYPE OF JOINTS FOUND IN THE SPINE, BUT YOU KNOW FROM YOUR OWN MOVEMENTS THAT WE CAN FLEX/EXTEND THE SPINE AND ROTATE IT

Question 12

Answer 12

1=Parietal bone

2=sphenoid bone

3=temporal bone

4=zygomatic arch (temporal bone is acceptable here too, this process is part of the temporal bone)

5=condyle (of mandible)

6=occipital bone

9=mastoid process (this big chunky process can be easily felt behind your ear)

10=styloid process (this process is easily identified – it looks sharp and pointy like a stylus pen)

12=coronoid process (of mandible)

13=ramus (of mandible)

14=angle of

1=Parietal bone

2=sphenoid bone

3=temporal bone

4=zygomatic arch (temporal bone is acceptable here too, this process is part of the temporal bone)

5=condyle (of mandible)

6=occipital bone

9=mastoid process (this big chunky process can be easily felt behind your ear)

10=styloid process (this process is easily identified – it looks sharp and pointy like a stylus pen)

12=coronoid process (of mandible)

13=ramus (of mandible)

14=angle of mandible

15=hyoid bone (the approximate location of the hyoid bone is shown, it is held in place by ligaments and muscles)

19=maxilla

20=zygomatic bone

21=nasal bone

26=frontal bone

mandible

15=hyoid bone (the approximate location of the hyoid bone is shown, it is held in place by ligaments and muscles)

19=maxilla

20=zygomatic bone

21=nasal bone

26=frontal bone

Question 13

What is a foramen and what is the general function of a foramen?

Answer 13

FORAMEN IS A HOLE IN A BONE. ITS FUNCTION IS TO ALLOW NERVES AND/OR BLOOD VESSELS TO PASS THROUGH (note that the term FORAMEN is singular, FORAMINA is plural)

Question 14

What is the general function of a bony process?

Answer 14

MUSCLE OR LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT

Question 15

What is a paranasal sinus, and name two of their functions

Answer 15

AN AIRSPACE IN THE SKULL ADJACENT TO THE NASAL CAVITY. TWO FUNCTIONS ARE VOICE RESONANCE AND REDUCING SKULL WEIGHT

Question 16

Name the 12 cranial nerves

Answer 16

Oh Oh Oh To Touch Aand Feel VirginGirls Vaginas Ah Heaven

(Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducent Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal)

Question 17

What are the two major branches of the left and right common carotid

arteries?

Answer 17

INTERNAL CAROTID AND EXTERNAL CAROTID

Question 18

In what way/s do the arterial blood vessels to the left and right sides of the head and neck differ?

Answer 18

ON THE LEFT, THE FIRST MAJOR BRANCH OFF THE AORTA IS THE LEFT COMMON CAROTID, BUT ON THE RIGHT THE FIRST BRANCH IS THE BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK – THE RIGHT COMMON CAROTID COMES OFF THIS.

Question 19

Venous blood from the left superficial structures of the head will drain into which blood vessel?

Answer 19

LEFT EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

Question 20

Describe the parts of the heart and the major blood vessels through which venous blood in the right atrium of the heart can end up supplying arterial blood to the tongue.

Answer 20

HEART HAS 4 CHAMBERS – THE LEFT ATRIUM, RIGHT ATRIUM, LEFT VENTRICLE, AND RIGHT VENTRICLE. VENOUS BLOOD ENTERS THE RIGHT ATRIUM THROUGH THE VENA CAVA, IT FLOWS INTO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE, THEN INTO THE PULMONARY ARTERY, THROUGH THE LUNGS WHERE IT IS OXYGENATED. IT RETURNS TO THE HEART VIA THE PULMONARY VEIN, ENTERS THE LEFT ATRIUM, LEFT VENTRICLE, AND AORTA. FROM THE AORTA, ARTERIAL BLOOD TRAVELS INTO THE LEFT AND RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES, LEFT AND RIGHT EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES, AND EVENTUALLY THE LINGUAL ARTERY WHICH SUPPLIES BLOOD TO THE TONGUE.

Question 21

Draw a line diagram to represent the major arteries and veins that supply and drain the head and neck.

Answer 21

Question 22

Draw a tree diagram summarising the major divisions of the peripheral nervous system. You should clearly understand the types of information carried by nerve fibres in each division, and the direction in which information travels along these nerve fibres (to or from the central nervous system).

Answer 22

Question 23

Which muscle is the only one used during quiet respiration?

Answer 23

DIAPHRAGM

Question 24

During forced respiration, the ribs move just like the handles on a bucket. Describe what this bucket handle motion achieves in terms of respiration

Answer 24

AS THE RIBS ARE ELEVATED DURING INSPIRATION (LIKE A BUCKET HANDLE BEING LIFTED FROM A RESTING POSITION), THE OUTERMOST POINT OF THE CURVED RIB MOVES FURTHER FROM THE BODY’S MIDLINE. THIS MEANS THAT THE LATERAL (SIDEWAYS) DIMENSION OF THE THORAX EXPANDS, INCREASING OVERALL VOLUME INSIDE THE THORAX AND REDUCING PRESSURE ON THE LUNGS, ALLOWING AIR TO FLOW IN. THUS THE BUCKET HANDLE MOTION IS RESPONSIBLE SPECIFICALLY FOR INCREASING THE LATERAL DIMENSION OF THE THORAX. IN REVERSE, AS WE BREATHE OUT THE RIBS ARE LOWERED, AS WOULD HAPPEN WHEN WE LET GO OF A BUCKET HANDLE. THE OUTERMOST CURVATURE POINT OF THE RIBS SWINGS BACK TOWARDS THE BODY’S MIDLINE, DECREASING THE LATERAL THORAX DIMENSIONS, INCREASING THORACIC PRESSURE AND FORCING AIR OUT OF THE LUNGS. YOU CAN FEEL THESE MOVEMENTS BY PLACING YOUR PALMS FLAT ON THE SIDE OF YOUR THORAX AND TAKING VERY DEEP BREATHS IN AND OUT.

Question 25

During forced respiration, the sternum moves like a pump handle – describe how this movement relates to the process of respiration. HINT: questions 2 and 3 relate to Boyle’s Law.

Answer 25

AS WE BREATHE IN, THE MOVEMENT OF THE RIBS ALSO DRAWS THE STERNUM UPWARDS AND OUTWARDS, AWAY FROM THE BODY’S MIDLINE – THIS CAUSES THE THORAX TO EXPAND IN AN ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR (FRONT-TO-BACK) DIRECTION. AS WITH THE RIB MOVEMENT, THIS INCREASES VOLUME INSIDE THE THORAX, REDUCES PRESSURE ON THE LUNGS, AND ALLOWS THEM TO INFLATE. AGAIN, THE OPPOSITE OCCURS WHEN WE BREATHE OUT. YOU CAN FEEL THESE MOVEMENTS OF THE STERNUM BY PLACING YOUR PALM FLAT ON THE LOWER PART OF THE STERNUM AND TAKING DEEP BREATHS IN AND OUT.

Question 26

Describe the pathway of inhaled air from the point of inhalation until it reaches the alveoli of the lungs.

Answer 26

AIR PASSES INTO THE NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY, THEN PASSES THROUGH THE PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI (PRIMARY, THEN SECONDARY, THEN TERTIARY), BRONCHIOLES (TERMINAL, THEN RESPIRATORY), THEN INTO ALVEOLI WHICH ARE CLUSTERED ON THE ENDS OF THE RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES.

Question 27

Why do the upper tubes of the respiratory tract have cartilage rings surrounding them?

Answer 27

TO PREVENT THEM FROM COLLAPSING – THIS WOULD PREVENT AIR FROM ENTERING EITHER BOTH LUNGS (IF THE LARYNX/TRACHEA COLLAPSED) OR ONE LUNG (IF THE BRONCHI COLLAPSED), SEVERELY AFFECTING RESPIRATION.

Question 28

Why do the lower tubes of the respiratory tract NOT have cartilage?

Answer 28

COLLAPSING IS NOT SUCH A GREAT DANGER BECAUSE IF A FEW BRONCHIOLES COLLAPSE, THIS WOULD NOT GREATLY AFFECT OVERALL RESPIRATION (IT WOULD ONLY AFFECT A SMALL AREA OF ONE LUNG). ALSO, A LOT OF CARTILAGE WITHIN THE LUNG WOULD AFFECT ITS ELASTICITY AND LIMIT EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION AS AIR PASSED THROUGH.

Question 29

Anatomically speaking, name two major differences between the left and right lungs.

Answer 29

THE LEFT LUNG HAS TWO LOBES ONLY WHILE THE RIGHT LUNG HAS THREE LOBES. THE LEFT LUNG HAS A CARDIAC NOTCH, AN INDENTATION WHERE THE HEART SITS, WHILE THE RIGHT LUNG DOES NOT HAVE A CARDIAC NOTCH.

Question 30

Describe the structure and function of the body cavity membranes (using the pleura as an example).

Answer 30

BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES ARE DOUBLE LAYERED MEMBRANES, WITH AN INNER VISCERAL LAYER WHICH IS USUALLY IN CONTACT WITH AN ORGAN, AND AN OUTER PARIETAL LAYER. IN BETWEEN THE TWO IS A THIN LAYER OF FLUID WHICH ALLOWS THE TWO MEMBRANES TO SLIDE AGAINST ONE ANOTHER. FOR THE PLEURA, WHICH ARE THE MEMBRANES SURROUNDING THE LUNGS, THE VISCERAL PLEURA IS IN CONTACT WITH THE SURFACE OF THE LUNG, THE PARIETAL PLEURA IS THE OUTER LAYER, AND THE PLEURAL FLUID IS FOUND IN BETWEEN THE TWO LAYERS.