study guide 5-6 Flashcards
What is a nerve plexus?
Network of converging and diverging branches of nerves
Give a general description of how the pharyngeal plexus is formed
3 cranial nerves contribute to the plexus – the glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) vagus (cranial nerve X) and accessory (cranial nerve XI). Motor nerves found in the plexus are contributed by the vagus and accessory nerves, while sensory fibres in the plexus ultimately join the glossopharyngeal nerve.
What is an aponeurosis?
A flat tendon of one muscle that acts as an attachment point for other muscles
Which muscle forms the palatine aponeurosis, and which muscles attach to the palatine aponeurosis?
The palatine aponeurosis is formed by the tensor veli palatini muscle. Other muscles attaching to it are the levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus.
Describe the detailed innervation of the tongue
Motor innervation – the whole tongue (all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles) is supplied with motor fibres by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII; unless you count the palatoglossus, which is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve, but rather by the accessory nerve [XI], or according to some sources, the pharyngeal plexus).
General sensory –The anterior two thirds of the tongue transmits general sensory info via the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). The posterior one third of the tongue transmits general sensory information via the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
Special sensory (taste) – The anterior two thirds of the tongue transmits taste info via the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). The posterior one third of the tongue transmits taste information via the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
Which artery supplies the tongue
Lingual artery
Name and describe the attachments of the extrinsic tongue muscles - ie, including the palatoglossus
Hyoglossus – hyoid bone and tongue
Styloglossus – styloid process and tongue
Genioglossus – inner surface of mandible and tongue
Palatoglossus – soft palate/palatine aponeurosis and tongue
Describe the major movements the soft palate is capable of, with reference to the muscles of the soft palate
Tension – the soft plate can become firm and tense, this mainly occurs during speech and occurs by the actions of the tensor veli palatini.
Elevation – the soft palate is elevated during swallowing to close off the nasal cavity and prevent food/liquid from entering the nasal cavity. The soft palate is also elevated during most speech sounds. Elevation is achieved by the actions of the uvular muscle and levator veli palatini.
Depression – the soft palate is depressed during only a couple of speech sounds. It is also depressed when breathing through the nose when the mouth is open (try this one at home – you might feel your uvula being depressed – this prevents air escape through your open mouth). Depression is achieved through the actions of palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus (note the dual actions of these two muscles- palatoglossus is ALSO a tongue elevator, and palatopharyngeus is also a pharyngeal elevator).
Can you roll up the sides of your tongue? If so which muscles are responsible?
This is mostly through the actions of the transverse muscle, but can be assisted by the superior longitudinal. The ability to do this action is controlled genetically, if you can’t, it doesn’t mean that you don’t have a transverse muscle, just that the one you have is unable to make this specific movement.
Describe the muscles that make up the floor of the mouth.
This is mostly made up of the suprahyoid muscles layering on top of one another. Directly inferior to the genioglossus is the geniohyoid muscle.
Inferior to that is the mylohyoid muscle, and inferior to that is the digastric muscle. All these muscles run between the hyoid bone and the inner border of the mandible.
What is the function of the rugae on the hard palate?
These are the ridges in the anterior hard palate – they provide traction for tongue fixation during speech, chewing and swallowing.
What are the differences between glottal attack, breathy attack, and simultaneous attack?
Glottal attack – vocal fold adduction occurs before the onset of exhalation/air flow
Breathy attack – exhalation begins before vocal fold adduction
Simultaneous attack – airflow and adduction occur together
What are the three main factors that produce sub-glottal pressure?
- Alterations in the respiratory cycle (longer exhalation time)
- Use of respiratory muscles to control small bursts of air
- Use of functional residual volume to increase lung pressure without first inhaling – residual volume is the air remaining within the lungs after we have exhaled in a normal respiratory cycle (note, your text uses the term “functional residual capacity” – same thing).
In which phase/stage of phonation would the following muscles be involved?
- Posterior cricoarytenoid (stage 3 – vocal fold abduction)
- Cricothyroid (stage 2 – vocal folds held in fixed position, but may change in tension/length for pitch alteration)
- Transverse arytenoid (stage 1 – vocal fold adduction)
- Thyromuscularis (stage 2 - vocal folds held in fixed position, but may change in tension/length for pitch alteration)
What are the two muscles that are used to lengthen the vocal folds to increase pitch?
Which of these is the primary lengthening muscle, and which one fine tunes?
Cricothyroid – this is the primary lengthening muscle and therefore the primary pitch controller.
Thyrovocalis – actually causes change in tension and is the fine tuner to increase pitch.
Revise the anatomy of the articulators. For each of the following provide a description using accurate anatomical terminology. Note: your answers here will also vary. You don’t have to have come up with the exact answer as me, as long as you’re on the right track.
- Oral cavity – bounded by the cheeks laterally, lips and mandible anteriorly, hard palate superiorly, and oropharynx posteriorly. The floor of the mouth is comprised primarily of the suprahyoid muscles (geniohyoid, mylohyoid and digastric muscles).
- Buccal cavity – this is the cavity found between the inside of the cheeks and the anterior surface of the teeth. The vestibule of the oral cavity consists of the entire area between the lips, cheeks and teeth.
- Nasal cavity – bounded inferiorly by the hard palate, and formed by the nasal bones, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer. The lateral and anterior boundaries are formed by the soft tissue of the nose. The posterior boundary is the nasal choanae that open into the nasopharynx.
- Pharyngeal cavity – This runs from the supero-anterior boundary of the nasal choanae, to the laryngeal aditus (superior opening of the larynx) and superior opening of the oesophagus. The most superior part is the nasopharynx, middle part is the oropharynx (posterior to nasal cavity) and the most inferior part is the laryngopharynx.
List the mobile and immobile articulators
Mobile (moveable): tongue, lips, pharynx, mandible, soft palate, cheeks, larynx, hyoid bone
Immobile: teeth, hard palate
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses in speech?
Contribute to vocal resonance (this is why your voice sounds flat and dull when your sinuses are blocked, such as when you have a cold, hayfever, or sinusitis).
Damage to the hypoglossal nerve would affect which phase of deglutition?
The main job of the hypoglossal nerve is to supply the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles with motor fibres – so damage to this nerve will essentially paralyse the tongue, and primarily affect the oral preparatory and oral phases of deglutition.
What is the role of the pharyngeal constrictors in swallowing
They contract sequentially from superior constrictor, middle constrictor, to inferior constrictor, to force the bolus of food into the oesophagus.
What will happen if the nasopharynx is not closed off properly during swallowing?
Nasal regurgitation will occur.
Ever had milk or Coke come out your nose when someone has made you laugh while trying to swallow?
More seriously however, this can be a difficult issue for people with partial or complete paralysis of the palatine elevators, causing regular nasal aspiration/regurgitation of fluids.
- Which muscle(s) elevates and retracts the tongue?
Styloglossus
- Which cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus muscle?
Pharyngeal plexus from the XI accessory (mainly) and X vagus nerves
- Where would you find the genioglossus muscle?
- The genioglossus is the “prime mover” of the tongue, and makes up most of its deeper bulk. It arises from the inner mandibular surface and inserts into the top and dorsum of the tongue as well as to the corpus of the hyoid bone. Innervated by the XII Hypoglossal nerve.*
- Anterior fibres RETRACT the tongue. Posterior fibres PROTRUDE the tongue. Together they depress the tongue.*
- What are the two groups (or types) of tongue muscles?
- Extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles. Extrinsic tongue muscles are: genioglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus, (plus chrondroglossus, often considered to be part of the hyoglossus). (Mnemonic: Genius, HY style, palate)*
- Intrinsic tongue muscles are: superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical.*
- Generally the extrinsic tongue*
- What is its innervation?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (If you’ve got GLOSS you’ve got SYLE.)
- One of the tongue muscles is attached to the hyoid bone. True or False?
True: the hyoglossus.
- Is the central sulcus of the tongue the same as the lingual septum?
No. The central sulcus divides the tongue into right and left. The sulcus is just a shallow division or visible dividing line. The lingual septum lies deep to the central sulcus. It is a fibrous septum important for muscle attachment.
- Are the extrinsic tongue muscles paired or unpaired?
They are paired: ie, occur on each side of the body
- What are the attachments of the hyoglossus muscle?
Hyoid bone to the side of the tongue
- Which cranial nerve transmits special sensory information (taste)
from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
The facial nerve (VII).
What is the function of the styloglossus muscle
Elevate and retract the tongue
- Which muscle flattens and broadens the tongue?
The vertical (intrinsic) muscle
- Where is the mylohyoid muscle located, in relation to the geniohyoid muscle?
Lies inferior to the geniohyoid.
There are 4 muscles contained within the body of the tongue (intrinsic):
1)Superior longitudinal
2)Verticalis
3)Transversus
4) Inferior longitudinal
There are 4 muscles that connect the tongue with the skeleton (extrinsic):
1)Genioglossus
2)Hyoglossus
3)Styloglossus
4)Palatoglossus
muscles involved in chewing
Temporalis, Masseter, Internal (Medial) Pterygoid,
External (Lateral) Pterygoid, Supra- and Infrahyoid muscles, Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
