study guide question Flashcards
Define the term physiology
the study of function
explain the knowledge and intellectual characteristics of a good physiologist.
Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular) basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement) Basic chemical principles.
function always reflects ______
structure.
List the various levels of structural organization within the body, and give examples for various organ systems.
Chemical: atoms and molecules.
Cellular: cells and their organelles.
Tissue: groups of similar cells.
Organ: contains 2 or more types of tissues.
Organ system: organs that work closely together. Organismal: all organ systems.
List the 11 organ systems.
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory , immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
Which two systems comprise the circulatory system?
cardiovascular, lymphatic
. Organ systems work cooperatively to perform _________
necessary life functions.
Name the fluid that surrounds the body cells and separates them from the blood plasma
Interstitial fluid
Define homeostasis.
the ability of the body to maintain a fairly constant internal environment, regardless of outside environmental changes
List and discuss the various survival needs of the body that are controlled by homeostasis
Nutrients: chemicals for energy and cell building (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, vitamins)
oxygen: essential for energy release (ATP production)
water: most abundant chemical in the body, site of chemical reactions.
Normal body temperature: affects rate of chemical reactions.
Appropriate atmospheric pressure: for adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
Describe the general idea and two classes of homeostatic control mechanisms.
Intrinsic controls: local controls that are inherent in an organ.
Extrinsic controls: regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ, accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems.
Explain a positive feedback system within the body. Be able to give examples.
rarer feedback type,
causes variable to change in the same direction as the initial change
(exaggerates original stimulus)
typically activates self-perpetuating events,
most are NOT related to the maintenance of homeostasis
(labor contractions, blood clotting, breastfeeding)
Explain what can happen if homeostasis is disrupted.
Disruptions in homeostasis: can lead to illness and death. Pathophysiology: abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease
Define the term cytology
study of cells
Explain the various aspects of the cell theory.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Body activity depends on activity of cells.
Cell activity is dictated by internal cell structure.
Reproduction ultimately depends on cells
Name some unique cell types within the body
(nerve cells, red blood cells, stem cells)
Name and describe the three basic parts of any cell.
Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary.
Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles (mini-organs) in a gel-like fluid called cytosol.
Nucleus—control center containing DNA (codes for protein production and cell reproduction) **not an organelle!
Determine the importance of the cell membrane, and list the fluids that are separated by the cell membrane.
Plasma membranes are semipermeable; they are selective about what they allow to pass into and out of the cell.
Separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid specifically interstitial fluid.
what are membrane junctions
Membrane Junctions: hold cells together to form tissues.
explain the various ways that cells are held together. Give details regarding desmosomes, tight junctions and gap junctions.
Extracellular matrix: proteins that act as “glue” (e.g., collagen and elastin)
Adhesion protein molecules: in cell membranes.
specialized cell junctions:
desmosome: act like “rivets” or “spot-welds” that anchor two closely adjacent but non-touching cells, most abundant in tissues that are subject to considerable stretching (e.g., skin, uterus)
tight junction: firmly bond cells together, prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells, prevent undesirable leaks between layers of cells, mostly in epithelial tissue (digestive tract, blood brain barrier)
Gap junction: small connecting tunnels called connexons, made of special protein subunits, allow easy passage of small water soluble molecules between cells, especially abundant in cardiac and smooth muscles.
List and describe organelles that produce substances for cells.
Ribosomes: produce proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Produce enzymes, hormones, chemical messengers.
List and describe organelles that process cell products.
Golgi complex package cell products in small membrane packages called vesicles
what are lysosomes
Lysosomes: are filled with acidic enzymes (acid hydrolases) to digest unwanted particles.
what are peroxisomes
Peroxisomes use oxidase and catalase enzymes to detoxify dangerous chemicals and neutralize free radicals.
Describe mitochondria and how they produce energy for the cell.
produce ATP energy through the process of aerobic cellular respiration
Describe vacuoles, and give an example of a tissue that heavily relies on its vacuoles.
vacuoles store nutrients and other substances (Fat storage- adipose tissue)
Explain the structure and function of the cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton supports cell structure and shape with protein fibers (mostly microfilaments
Name the cell structure that anchors cilia and flagella to the cell, and describe another function for that structure during periods of cell division.
centrioles: cylindrical organelles in the bases of cilia and flagella to anchor them; they also organize chromosomes during cell division
describe cilia
Cilia move substances (e.g., mucus) across cell surfaces
describe flagella
flagella are longer and propel whole cells (e.g., sperm tails)
describe microvilli
microvilli are fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption
Describe the structure and function of the nucleus
Nucleus: contains chromosomes and controls structure and function of cell, surrounded by a double-membrane barrier containing pores.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Nucleolus: dark-staining body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal (protein-producing) subunits.
describe the structure of a nucleus of an atom
The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons.
what are the particles moving rapidly around nucleus
electrons
what charge does an atom have
no charge
Explain how an atom’s overall charge changes when it has more protons than electrons, or more electrons than protons.
If an atom has more protons it will have a positive charge and it if has more electrons then it will have a negative charge
Define ion
Ion- is an atom with an electrical charge (charged particle)
define electrolyte
electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions when it is in solution.
what is an ionic bond
ionic bond- atoms of opposite charges are attracted to one another.
what is a covalent bond
two atoms share a pair of electrons
what is a hydrogen bond
the bond involves the attraction of a hydrogen end of a molecule with another molecule.
Chemical bonds can be formed or broken. Which of these actions involves the storage of energy versus the release of energy?
When chemical bonds are formed energy is stored. When chemical bonds are broken energy is released.
Name the one and only energy molecule within the human body, which allows us to do all of our work.
ATP adenosine triphosphate
Describe polar covalent bonds
Unequal sharing of electrons between different types of atoms that are covalently bonded together (e.g., water).
List and describe properties of water that contribute to its essential role in human life.
Polarity: allows water molecules to interact with one another and with other polar (hydrophilic) molecules.
Surface Tension water molecules stick to one another (hydrogen bonds)
High Boiling Point- lots of heat is needed to break H bonds and keep them from reforming.
Evaporative Coolant- when water evaporates, it absorbs energy.
Thermal Conductivity- water efficiently moves heat.
Water acts as a solvent- lots of compounds can be dissolved in it
Differentiate between the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Hydrophilic- water loving, polar, heads.
Hydrophobic- water fearing, nonpolar, tails.
Explain the difference between solvents and solutes
Solvent- dissolves.
Solute- substance trying to dissolve.
What causes a solution to become more concentrated?
A solution becomes more concentrated when there is more solute
what is a hypertonic solution & how does it effect a cell
Hypertonic: more concentrated.In cells will shrink (crenation).
what is a hypotonic solution and how does it effect a cell
Hypotonic: less concentrated. . In cells will swell, possibly until they burst (hemolysis)
what is an isotonic solution and how does it effect the cell
Isotonic: solute concentrations are the same in both solutions. Cells will neither shrink nor swell.
Define diffusion
the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached
What is the term for the diffusion of water?
Osmosis: the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
range of the pH scale
1-2 strong acid 3-5 moderately strong aid 6 weak acid 7 neutral 8-9 weak base 10-12 moderately strong base, 13-14 strong base
how much more acid or base does a substance have each number on the pH scale
A substance has 10x more acid/base each number on the pH scale.
Which ions are given off by acids in solution,
When acids are in a solution, they release hydrogen ions (H+) into the solution.
what makes an acid a strong acid?
The more H+ released, the stronger the acid.
Which ions are given off by bases
When bases are in a solution, they release hydroxide ions (OH-) into the solution
in solution, and what makes a base a strong base?
Binding to hydrogen ions. (A strong base can bind more readily than a weak one).
Define the normal range for blood pH
Average Blood pH = 7.4
acidosis
blood pH falls below 7.35
